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Fundamentals Pitch (Frequency) : refers to how often particles of a medium vibrate when a sound wave passes through it. : measured in cycles per second, Hz. Higher pitch/Higher frequency Lower pitch/Lower frequency Dynamics (Amplitude): the energy contained in the sound wave. Louder/Higher amplitude very loud loud medium loud medium soft soft very soft fortissimo forte mezzo forte mezzo piano piano pianissimo Softer/Lower amplitude ff f mf mp p pp gradually getting louder: crescendo (cresc.) gradually getting softer: decrescendo (decresc.) Overtones: One of the frequency components of a sound other than that of lowest frequency. : Emphasis on different overtones creates different timbres. Interval: pitch distance between two notes -large / small -2nds, 3rds, octaves etc... -consonant / dissonant Melody: a series of pitches that are organized across time; horizontal, linear aspect of music -tunes: easily sing-able melodies -motives: melodic fragments that are short and repetitive -themes: the basic subject of a longer work : melodies may be conjunct or disjunct : melodies may have wide or narrow ranges Harmony: the vertical aspect of music; simultaneously sounded pitches Scale: collection of pitches Chromatic scale: collection of all 12 pitches in an octave Diatonic scale: collection of 7 pitches in the octave Mode: Major / Minor: -Major Scale: T, T, S, T, T, T, S -Minor Scale: T, S, T, T, S, T, T Texture: interplay between the horizontal and vertical aspects of music; the way in which different musical parts fit together -monophony -homophony -polyphony -imitative polyphony Meter: grouping of strong and weak beats : Duple, S-w-S-w : Triple, S-w-w-S-w-w Tempo: the rate of the beats Rhythm: durational values of individual notes