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Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History Standard VUS.11a SUMMARY Demonstrate knowledge of World War II by analyzing the causes and events that led to American involvement in the war, including military assistance to Britain and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Essential Understandings The United States gradually abandoned neutrality as events in Europe and Asia pulled the nations toward war. Essential Knowledge The War in Europe World War II began with Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939, followed shortly after by the Soviet Union’s invasion of Poland from the east and the Baltic countries. During the first two years of the war, the U.S. stayed officially neutral as Germany overran France, most of Europe, and pounded Britain from the air (the Battle of Britain). In mid1941, Hitler turned on his former partner and invaded the Soviet Union. Despite strong isolationist sentiment at home, the United States increasingly helped Britain. It gave Britain war supplies and old naval warships in return for military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean. Soon after, the Lend-Lease Act gave the President authority to sell or lend equipment to countries to defend themselves against the Axis powers. Franklin Roosevelt compared it to “lending a garden hose to a next-door neighbor whose house is on fire.” Standard VUS.11 The War in Asia During the 1930s a militaristic Japan invaded and brutalized Manchuria and China as it sought military and economic domination over Asia. The United States refused to recognize Japanese conquests in Asia and imposed an embargo on exports of oil and steel to Japan. Tensions rose but both countries negotiated to avoid war. While negotiating with the U.S. and without any warning, Japan carried out an air attack at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. The attack destroyed much of the American Pacific fleet and killed several thousand Americans. Roosevelt called it “a date that will live in infamy” as he asked Congress to declare war on Japan. After Pearl Harbor, Hitler honored a pact with Japan and declared war on the Untied States. The debates over isolationism in the United States were over. World War II was now a true world war and the United States was fully involved. -1- Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History Standard VUS.11a ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Directions: Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the content of standard VUS.11a. 1 How did the United States respond to increasing totalitarian aggression in Europe and . Asia? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2 What caused America’s gradual abandonment of its policy of neutrality? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Standard VUS.11 -2- Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History Standard VUS.11b SUMMARY Demonstrate knowledge of World War II by describing the major battles and their locations, turning points of the war in North Africa, Europe, and the Pacific, including Midway, Stalingrad, the Normandy landing (D-Day), and Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb to force the surrender of Japan. Essential Understandings Wartime strategies reflect the political and military goals of alliances, resources on hand, and the geographical extent of the conflict. Essential Knowledge Allied strategy Axis strategy America and its allies (Britain and the Soviet Union after being invaded by Germany) followed a “Defeat Hitler First” strategy. Most American military resources were targeted for Europe. Germany hoped to defeat the Soviet Union quickly, gain control of Soviet oil fields, and force Britain out of the war through a bombing campaign and submarine warfare before America’s industrial and military strength could turn the tide. In the Pacific, American military strategy called for an “island hopping” campaign, seizing islands closer and closer to Japan and using them as bases for air attacks on Japan, and cutting off Japanese supplies through submarine warfare against Japanese shipping. Following Pearl Harbor, Japan invaded the Philippines and Indonesia and planned to invade both Australia and Hawaii. Its leaders hoped that America would then accept Japanese predominance in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, rather than conduct a bloody and costly war to reverse Japanese gains. Major battles and military turning points North Africa El Alamein—German forces threatening to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal were defeated by the British. This defeat prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Eastern oil supplies and potentially attacking the Soviet Union from the south. Europe Stalingrad—Hundreds of thousands of German soldiers were killed or captured in a months-long siege of the Russian city of Stalingrad. This defeat prevented Germany from seizing the Soviet oil fields and turned the tide against Germany in the east. Normandy landings (D-Day)—United States and Allied troops under Eisenhower landed in German-occupied France on June 6, 1944. Despite intense German opposition and heavy American casualties, the landings succeeded and the liberation of western Europe from Hitler had begun. Standard VUS.11 -3- Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History Pacific Midway— In the “Miracle of Midway,” American naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force as it prepared to seize Midway Island. Coming only a few months after Pearl Harbor, a Japanese victory at Midway would have enabled Japan to invade Hawaii. The American victory ended the Japanese threat to Hawaii and began a series of American victories in the “island hopping” campaign that carried the war closer and closer to Japan. Iwo Jima and Okinawa—The American invasions of the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa brought American forces closer than ever to Japan, but both invasions cost thousands of American lives and even more Japanese lives, as Japanese soldiers fought fiercely over every square inch of the islands and Japanese soldiers and civilians committed suicide rather than surrender. Use of the atomic bomb—Facing the prospect of horrendous casualties among both American and Japanese if American forces had to invade Japan itself, President Harry Truman ordered the use of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force the Japanese to surrender. Tens of thousands of people were killed in both cities. Shortly after the bombs were used, the Japanese leaders surrendered, avoiding the need for American forces to invade Japan. Standard VUS.11b ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Directions: Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the content of standard VUS.11b. 1 What was the overall strategy of the United States and its allies in World War II? ___________________________________________________________________________________ . ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2 How did United States strategy during World War II reflect available resources and the geographical scope of the conflict? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3 Why were some battles of World War II considered turning points of the war? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Standard VUS.11 -4- Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History Standard VUS.11c SUMMARY Demonstrate knowledge of World War II by describing the role of allminority military units, including the Tuskegee Airmen and Nisei regiments. Essential Understandings World War II solidified the nation’s role as a global power and ushered in social changes and established reform agendas that would preoccupy public discourse in the United States for the remainder of the 20th century. Women entered into previously male job roles as African Americans and others struggled to obtain desegregation of the armed forces and an end discriminatory hiring practices. Essential Knowledge Minority participation African Americans generally served in segregated military units and were assigned to non-combat roles but demanded the right to serve in combat rather than support roles. All-Minority units Additional contributions of minorities Tuskegee Airmen (African American) served in Europe with distinction. Communication codes of the Navajo were used (oral, not written language; impossible for the Japanese to break). Nisei regiments (Asian American) earned a high number of decorations. Mexican Americans also fought, but in units not segregated. Minority units suffered high casualties and won numerous unit citations and individual medals for bravery in action. Standard VUS.11c ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Directions: Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the content of standard VUS.11c. 1 How did minority participation in World War II reflect social conditions in the United . States? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2 How did minorities contribute to Allied victory? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Standard VUS.11 -5- Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History Standard VUS.11d SUMMARY Demonstrate knowledge of World War II by examining the Geneva Convention and the treatment of prisoners of war during World War II. Essential Understandings The conduct of war often reflects social and moral codes of a nation. The treatment of prisoners of war often reflected the savage nature of conflict and the cultural norms of the nation. Essential Knowledge The Geneva Convention attempted to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules to be followed by all nations. The treatment of prisoners in the Pacific Theater often reflected the savagery of the fighting there. Differences between European and Pacific Theaters In the Bataan Death March, American POWs suffered brutal treatment by Japanese after surrender of the Philippines. Japanese soldiers often committed suicide rather than surrender. The treatment of prisoners in Europe closely followed the ideas of the Geneva Convention. Standard VUS.11d ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Directions: Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the content of standard VUS.11d. 1 What was the purpose of the Geneva Convention? ___________________________________________________________________________________ . ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2 How did the treatment of prisoners differ? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Standard VUS.11 -6- Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History Standard VUS.11e SUMMARY Demonstrate knowledge of World War II by analyzing the Holocaust (Hitler’s “final solution”), its impact on Jews and other groups, and postwar trials of war criminals. Essential Understandings Specific groups, often the object of hatred and prejudice, face increased risk of discrimination during wartime. Essential Knowledge Terms to know Affected groups Genocide: the systematic destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group Jews Final solution: Germany’s decision to exterminate all Jews Gypsies Significance In the Nuremberg trials, Nazi leaders and others were convicted of war crimes. Poles Slavs “Undesirables” (homosexuals, mentally ill, political dissidents) The Nuremberg trials emphasized individual responsibility for actions during a war, regardless of orders received. The trials led to increased demand for a Jewish homeland. Standard VUS.11e ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Directions: Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the content of standard VUS.11e. 1 What was the Holocaust and who were its victims? ___________________________________________________________________________________ . ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2 What was the short-term and long-term significance of the Holocaust? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Standard VUS.11 -7- Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History Standards VUS.11a, 11b REVIEW Directions: Complete each sentence below with a term from the word bank. Write the letter of the term in the blank. Word Bank a. liberation n. Europe b. Lend-Lease o. world war c. Iwo Jima p. El Alamein d. declare war q. isolationist e. neutrality r. United States f. industrial s. Hawaii g. the Philippines t. Pearl Harbor h. oil and steel u. military i. Poland v. Manchuria j. Japanese force w. oil fields k. Britain x. atomic bombs l. Soviet Union y. invade Japan m. “island hopping” z. political ____ 1. The U.S. gradually abandoned ______________ as events in Europe and Asia pulled the nations toward war. ____ 2. World War II began with Hitler’s invasion of ____________ in 1939, followed by the Soviet Union’s invasion of Poland from the east and Baltic countries. ____ 3. During the first two years of the war, the United States stayed officially neutral as Germany overran France, most of _____________, and pounded Britain from the air (the Battle of Britain). ____ 4. In mid-1941, Hitler turned on his former partner and invaded the _____________. ____ 5. Despite strong __________________ sentiment at home, the United States increasingly helped Britain. The U.S. gave Britain war supplies and old naval warships in return for military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean. ____ 6. The ____________________ Act gave the President authority to sell or lend equipment to countries to defend themselves against Axis powers. Franklin Roosevelt compared it to “lending a garden hose to a next-door neighbor whose house is on fire.” ____ 7. During the 1930s a militaristic Japan invaded and brutalized _____________ and China and sought military and economic domination over Asia. ____ 8. The United States refused to recognize Japanese conquests in Asia and imposed an embargo on exports of _________________ to Japan. Tensions rose but both countries negotiated to avoid war. Standard VUS.11 -8- Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History ____ 9. While negotiating with the U.S., and without any warning, Japan carried out an air attack on the American naval base at ___________________ on December 7th, 1941. ____ 10. The attack on Pearl Harbor destroyed much of the American Pacific fleet and killed thousands of Americans. Roosevelt called it “a date that will live in infamy” as he asked Congress to ______________ on Japan. ____ 11. After Pearl Harbor, Hitler honored a pact with Japan and declared war on the ______________________. ____ 12. The debates over isolationism in the U.S. were now over. World War II was now a true ______________ and the United States was fully involved. ____ 13. Wartime strategies reflect the ____________ and military goals of alliances, resources on hand, and the geographical extent of the conflict. ____ 14. The U.S. and its allies (___________ and the Soviet Union, after being invaded by Germany), followed a “Defeat Hitler First” strategy. ____ 15. Most American _____________ resources were targeted for Europe. ____ 16. In the Pacific, American military strategy called for an __________________ campaign, seizing islands closer and closer to Japan and using them as bases for air attacks on Japan, and cutting off Japanese supplies through submarine warfare against Japanese shipping. ____ 17. Germany hoped to defeat the Soviet Union quickly, gain control of Soviet oil fields, and force Britain out of the war through a bombing campaign and submarine warfare before America’s _________________ and military strength could turn the tide. ____ 18. Following Pearl Harbor, Japan invaded ___________________ and Indonesia and planned to invade both Australian and Hawaii. Its leaders hoped that America would then accept Japanese predominance in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, rather than conduct a bloody and costly war to reverse Japanese gains. ____ 19. In the Battle of ____________________ (turning point in North Africa) German forces threatened to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal, but were defeated by the British. This defeat prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Eastern oil supplies and potentially attacking the Soviet Union from the south. ____ 20. In the Battle of Stalingrad, hundreds of thousands of German soldiers were killed or captured in a months-long siege of the Russian city of Stalingrad. This defeat prevented Germany from seizing the Soviet _______________ and turned the tide against Germany in the east. ____ 21. American and Allied troops under the command of General Eisenhower began the Normandy landings (D-Day) in German-occupied France on June 6, 1944. Despite intense German opposition and heavy American casualties, the landings succeeded and the __________________ of western Europe from Hitler had begun. ____ 22. In the Battle of Midway, the “Miracle of Midway” (the turning point in the Pacific), American naval forces defeated a much larger ________________ as it prepared to seize Midway Island. Standard VUS.11 -9- Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History ____ 23. Coming only a few months after Pearl Harbor, a Japanese victory at Midway would have enabled Japan to invade _____________. The American victory ended the Japanese threat to Hawaii and began a series of American victories in the “island hopping” campaign that carried the war closer and closer to Japan. ____ 24. The American invasions of the islands of ____________________ and Okinawa brought American forces closer than ever to Japan, but both invasions cost thousands of American lives and even more Japanese lives, as Japanese soldiers fought fiercely over every square inch of the islands and Japanese soldiers and civilians committed suicide rather than surrender. ____ 25. Facing the prospect of horrendous casualties among both Americans and Japanese if American forces had to invade Japan itself, President Harry Truman ordered the use of ________________ on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force the Japanese to surrender. Tens of thousands of people were killed in both cities. ____ 26. Shortly after the bombs were used, the Japanese leaders surrendered, avoiding the need for American forces to ____________________. Standard VUS.11 - 10 - Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History Standards VUS.11c, 11d, 11e REVIEW Directions: Complete each sentence below with a term from the word bank. Write the letter of the term in the blank. Word Bank a. Bataan Death March m. job roles b. homeland n. Navajo c. “final solution” o. Geneva Convention d. non-combat p. Asian American e. global q. high casualties f. Tuskegee Airmen r. Jews g. Nuremberg trials s. surrender h. wartime t. Genocide i. savage u. Europe j. segregated v. social and moral k. Pacific w. desegregation l. individual responsibility ____ 1. World War II solidified the nation’s role as a _________ power, and ushered in social changes and established reform agendas that would preoccupy public discourse in the U.S. for the remainder of the 20 th century. ____ 2. Women entered into previously male ____________. ____ 3. African Americans and others struggled to obtain ________________ of the armed forces and an end to discriminatory hiring practices. ____ 4. African Americans generally served in segregated military units and were assigned _____________ roles but demanded the right to serve in combat rather than support roles. ____ 5. The _________________ (African American) served in Europe with distinction. ____ 6. Nisei regiments (_______) earned a high number of decorations. ____ 7. Communication codes of the _________ were used (oral, not written language; impossible for the Japanese to break.) ____ 8. Mexican Americans also fought, but in _____________ units. ____ 9. Minority units suffered ________________ and won numerous unit citations and individual medals for bravery in action. ____ 10. The conduct of war often reflects ____________________ codes of a nation. ____ 11. The treatment of prisoners often reflected the ___________ nature of conflict and the cultural norms of the nation. Standard VUS.11 - 11 - Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History ____ 12. The _____________________ attempted to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners by establishing rules to be followed by all nations. ____ 13. The treatment of prisoners in the ___________ Theater often reflected the savagery of the fighting there. ____ 14. In the ___________________, American POWs suffered brutal treatment by the Japanese after surrender of the Philippines. ____ 15. Japanese soldiers often committed suicide rather than _______________. ____ 16. The treatment of prisoners in ___________ more closely followed the ideas of the Geneva Convention. ____ 17. Specific groups, often the object of hatred and prejudice, face increased risk of discrimination during ________________. ____ 18. ______________ is the systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, and cultural group. ____ 19. Hitler’s _______________ was Germany’s decision to exterminate all Jews. ____ 20. Groups affected by the “final solution” were _______, Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, and “undesirables” (homosexuals, mentally ill, political dissidents). ____ 21. In the ______________, Nazi leaders and others were convicted of war crimes. ____ 22. The Nuremberg trials emphasized ____________________ for actions during a war, regardless of orders received. ____ 23. The trials led to increased demand for a Jewish ______________. Standard VUS.11 - 12 -