Download Divide into 5 groups based on chapters Chapter 26 Main Points

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Divide into 5 groups based on chapters
Chapter 26 Main Points:
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phylogeny: phylogeny to trace the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
systematics: systematics, which is an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of
organisms, to construct a phylogeny
taxonomy: an ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess
similarities and differences
SPECIES, GENUS, FAMILY, ORDER, CLASS, PHYLUM, KINGDOM
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binomial nomenclature: the two-part format of the scientific name of an organism
o First part: Genus
o Second part: specific epithet (species)
o First letter of the genus is capitalized and the entire binomial is italicized
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Cladistics uses common ancestry as the primary criterion in classifying organisms
o Species are placed into groups called clades
o WHAT ARE TRUE CLADES CALLED? DRAW A PICTURE. (monophyletic)
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5 Kingdoms (Whittaker): plant, fungi, animalia, protista, monara
3 domains: bacteria, eukarya, archaea
Chapter 27 Main Points:
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Bacteria vs. Archaea: Archaea tend to live in extreme environments, share some traits with bacteria and others
with eukarya
o Archaea: extremophiles (halophiles, methanophiles, thermophiles)
o Prokaryote shape/structure: unicellular; coccia, bacilli, or spirochetes (DRAW THESE)
Gram positive/gram negative bacteria: main difference is amount of peptidoglycan in cell wall
o WHICH HAS MORE? (positive)
o ARCHAEA CELL WALLS DO NOT HAVE
Terms:
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Capsule: sticky polysaccharide layer of proteins on prokaryotes
Binary fission: how prokaryotes reproduce asexually
Endospores: resistant forms of spores formed by some bacteria when under stress
Endotoxins: harmful components of outer membrane of some bacteria, released when cell wall breaks
down (ENDO=IN CELL WALL) salmonella
Exotoxins: poisonous proteins secreted by bacteria (EXO=RELEASED FROM CELL) cholera, botulism
Aerobic/Anaerobic
Nutritional modes:
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Most important ecological role: decomposers
Symbiotic relationships: comm. (one benefits, other not harmed/helped), mutual. (both helped), parasitism (one
helped other harmed)
Chapter 28 Main Points
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5 supergroups: Excavata, Chromalveolata, Archaeplastida, Unikonta, Rhizaria
Excavata
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Diplomonads
o 2 equal-sized nuclei
o multiple flagella
o many are parasitic
Parabasalids
o include the trichomonads
o 4 flagella
o undulating membrane
Euglenozoans
o very diverse
o contain a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella
o include kinetoplastids and euglenids
 Kinetoplastids
 have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a
kinetoplast
 include free-living aquatic and terrestrial species as well as parasitic species
 Euglenids
 have one or two flagella contained in a pocket at the end of the cell
 most familiar member is Euglena
Chromalveolata
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Alveolates
o have membrane-bound sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane
o include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates
 Dinoflagellates
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abundant components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton
spin as they move through the water
most are unicellular
rapid reproduction can cause “red tides”
o toxins may be fatal to fish and humans
o molluscs may accumulate toxins
 some species are bioluminescent
Apicomplexans
 all are parasites of animals
 spread through infective cells called sprozoites
 most have a complex life cycle that require two or more host species
Ciliates
 use cilia to move and feed
 have both macronuclei and micronuclei
 reproduce by binary fission
 genetic variation results from conjugation
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Stramenopiles
o have a “hairy” and “smooth” flagellum
o include diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes
 Diatoms
 unicellular algae that have a glass-like wall of hydrated silica
 highly diverse
 major component of plankton
 form diatomaceous earth
 golden algae
 named for their color
 biflagellated
 photosynthetic
 most are unicellular
 brown algae
 all are multicellular, most are marine
 includes seaweeds
 oomycetes
 water molds, water rusts, downy mildews
 once considered to be fungi
 acquire nutrients mainly as decomposers or parasites
Rhizaria
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Foraminiferans (Forams)
o named for their porous shells, called tests
o pseudopodia extend through their pores in tests
Radiolarians
o tests fused into a delicate piece of silica
o pseudopodia radiate from the central body
Archaeplastida
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red algae (rhodophytes)
o most are reddish due to the accessory pigment phycoerythrin, which masks chlorophyll
green algae
o contains chloroplasts
o closely related to land plants
o include chlorophytes and chlorophyceans
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Chlorophytes
 most live in freshwater, some are marine
 others live in soil, as symbionts in lichens, or in snow
Unikonta
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Amoebozoans
o have lobe-shaped, rather than thread-like pseudopodia
o include the slime molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas
o slime molds
 slime molds (mycetozoans)
 once thought to be a fungi
 include plasmodial and cellular slime molds
o plasmodial slime molds
 brightly pigmented (yellow or orange)
 form a mass called a plasmodium
o cellular slime mold
 the feeding stage of the life cycle consists of solitary cells that function
individually
 when food is depleted, cells form an aggregate that function as a unit
 cells remain separated by their membranes
o gymnamoebas
 unicellular
 found in soil and freshwater/marine environments
 actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists
o entamoebas
 parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates
 Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic dysentery and kills 100,000 per year
Opisthokonts
o nucleariids
o fungi
o choanoflagellates
o animals
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plasmodium life cycle:
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Binary fission vs. conjugation:
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WHICH PROTIST REPRODUCES BY BINARY FISSION? Ciliates, asexual
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WHAT DO THEY USE CONJUGATION FOR? Sexual reproduction, provides genetic variation, use of sex
pillus
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WHY DO ONE, NOT OTHER? Binary fission is FAST, conjugation allows for variation
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Cellular slime mold/plasmodial slime mold: plasmodial is one giant unicellular blob, cellular has independent
cells that function on their own
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Terms:
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Red tide: dinoflagellates, shellfish toxins
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Tests: porous shells, Forams
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Merozoite: cells that plasmodium are carried by, stage in humans, found in liver cells
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Sporozoite: infective cells that carry plasmodium (malaria), what infect liver
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Endosymbiosis: process about how protists became diverse
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kinetoplastid: Have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a
kinetoplast , Include free-living aquatic and terrestrial species as well as parasitic species
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alveoli: membrane-bound sacs found in all alvelolates
Chapter 29 Main Points
Charophytes:
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Rose-shaped complexes for synthesizing cellulose
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Peroxisome enzymes
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Flagellated sperm structure
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Formation of a phragmoplast
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ALSO: SPOROPOLLENIN
Four key traits appear in land plants but not in charophytes
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Alternation of generations
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Walled spores produced in sporangia
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Multicellular gametangia
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Apical meristems
Alternation of Generations:
Archegonia vs. Antheridia: arch. Holds eggs in female gametophyte, anth. Holds sperm in male gametophyte
Rhizoids vs. roots: rhizoids are for holding up plant only, do not allow for transfer of water/nutrients like roots do
Xylem=water, phloem=sugars and amino acids
Nonvascular (bryophytes) = hepatophyta (liverworts), anthocerophyta (hornworts), and bryophyta (mosses)
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Gametophyte is DOMINANT= larger, lives longer!
Vascular plants: Sporophyte is dominant!
Gametophyte vs. sporophyte: gametophyte is haploid, multicellular; sporophyte is diploid, multicellular
Homosporous vs. heterosporous:
Major groups of land plants:
Terms:
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Cuticle: waxy protective layer on plants
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Strobili: cone-shaped modified leave (sporophyll) (ex. Pine cone)
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Sori: modified leaf (sporophyll), little dots on ferns, bears sporangia (thing that houses spores)
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Sporopollenin: charophytes, protective layer of durable polymer, protects zygotes
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Protonema: first growth of bryophyte, filamentous structure that becomes gametophyte
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Stomata: pores had by moss and hornworts, allow exchange of gasses (brophyta and anthocerophyta)
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Lignin: component of xylem
Chapter 30 Main Points
Seed plants:
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Reduced gametophytes
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Heterospory
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Ovules
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Pollen