Download Review for Living Environment midterm exam 2014 answer key

Honors Living Environment
Midterm Exam Study Guide
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
Science
observation
Hypothesis
controlled experiment
Dependent variable
control group
Data
biology
Stimulus
sexual reproduction
Homeostasis
metabolism
inference
independent variable
controlled variables (constants)
DNA
asexual reproduction
1. What are the parts of the scientific method? Purpose, hypothesis, procedures,
data/observations, analysis, conclusion
2. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in a controlled experiment.
The independent variable is the one that gets manipulated or changed. It is what is being
studied. The dependent variable responds to the changes made to the independent
variable. This is the variable that you measure during the lab.
3. What is the purpose of the control group? It is used as a comparison, to see what would
normally take place without the change to the independent variable.
4. What characteristics do all living things share? All living things can respond to stimuli,
maintain homeostasis, obtain materials and energy, contain cells, contain DNA, grow and
develop, change over time (evolve), and reproduce.
5. What are the parts of a microscope? *See Attached Diagram*
6. How do microscopes affect the image of an object? The image is upside down,
backwards, and enlarged.
7. How can microscopes be used to estimate the size of a specimen? The diameter of the
field of view divided by the number of cells in that diameter.
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
Atom
nucleus
Element
isotope
Ionic bond
ion
Molecule
van der Waals forces
Cohesion
adhesion
Solution
solute
Suspension
pH scale
Base
buffer
Polymer
carbohydrate
Lipid
nucleic acid
Protein
amino acid
Reactant
product
Catalyst
enzyme
electron
compound
covalent bond
hydrogen bond
mixture
solvent
acid
monomer
monosaccharide
nucleotide
chemical reaction
activation energy
substrate
8. What subatomic particles make up an atom? Protons, neutrons, electrons
9. What are the main types of chemical bonds? Covalent, ionic, hydrogen
10. What are the unique properties of water? Water is a polar molecule which accounts
water’s characteristics.
11. What elements does carbon bond with to make up life’s molecules? Carbon bonds with
hydrogen to make organic molecules. Other elements found in some organic compounds
are oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen.
12. What are the functions of the four types of macromolecules? Carbohydrates – energy
source; proteins – transport, regulate, involved in immune responses, repair; lipids –
energy source; nucleic acids – store and transmit genetic information
13. What happens to chemical bonds during a chemical reaction? They break and reform
creating new and different substances.
14. What role do enzymes play in living things and what affects their function? Enzymes are
protein catalysts. They speed up chemical reaction without being part of the reaction. A
change in pH or temperature could affect their function.
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
Cell
cell theory
Nucleus
eukaryote
Cytoplasm
organelle
Lysosome
cytoskeleton
Ribosome
endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
cell wall
Lipid bilayer
selectively permeable
Facilitated diffusion
osmosis
Hypertonic
hypotonic
Active transport
endocytosis
Tissue
organ
cell membrane
prokaryote
vacuole
centriole
Golgi apparatus
chloroplast
diffusion
isotonic
osmotic pressure
exocytosis
organ system
15. What is the cell theory? all living things are made of cells, cells come from other cells,
cells make up the basic unit of structure and function in a living thing.
16. How are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells similar? Different? *see Venn Diagram
below*
17. Which organelles are found in prokaryotic cells? Which are found in eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes only contain ribosomes. Eukaryotes contain all other organelles (keep in
mind the differences between plant and animal cells.)
18. Which organelles store, clean up and support the cell? Vacuoles; lysosomes;
cytoskeleton
19. Which organelles build proteins? ribosomes
20. Which organelles capture and release energy? Chloroplasts; mitochondria
21. Which structures form cellular boundaries? Cell membrane – all cells; cell wall – plant,
fungi, and bacteria
22. Explain the effects of osmosis on cells when they are in:
 an isotonic solution – same strength; equal movement in and out
 a hypertonic solution – above strength; overall movement out
 a hypotonic solution – below strength; overall movement in
23. How do individual cells maintain homeostasis? All organelles work together
24. How do cells of multicellular organisms work together to maintain homeostasis. Cells are
specialized to perform a function
25. Give a specific example of an organism’s cells working together to maintain homeostasis.
*see diagram below*
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
ATP
Photosynthesis
Thylakoid
ATP synthase
heterotroph
pigment
stroma
Calvin cycle
autotroph
chlorophyll
photosystem
carbon-fixation
26. Why is ATP useful to cells? Provides energy for cellular processes.
27. What role do pigments play in the process of photosynthesis? Absorb energy from the
sun
28. What organelle is the site of photosynthesis? chloroplasts
29. What are electron carrier molecules? Give examples. NADH+, FAD+, NAD+ are all
electron carriers. They carry high energy electrons to other areas of the organelle for the
cellular process to continue.
30. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? Reactants: carbon dioxide and
water; Products: oxygen and glucose
31. What is the word equation and chemical equation (balanced) for photosynthesis?
32. What happens during light-dependent reactions? Energy from the sun is absorbed; water
enters the equation; oxygen released; electron carriers bring high energy electrons to the
light independent reaction in the stroma
33. What happens during light-independent reactions? Carbon dioxide enters (carbon fixation
occurs); glucose is produced
34. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Amount of sunlight; carbon dioxide; water
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Cellular respiration
aerobic
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
anaerobic
fermentation
35. Where do organisms get energy? food
36. What is cellular respiration? The process of breaking down glucose in the presence of
oxygen to release energy
37. What is the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis? These are
opposite processes
38. What organelle is the site of cellular respiration? mitochondria
39. What happens during glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain?
Glycolysis – glucose broken down to pyruvic acid and 2 ATP produced (occurs in
cytoplasm); Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) – each pyruvic acid converted to other carbon
forms, 1 ATP for each pyruvic acid (occurs in mitochondrial matrix); electron transport
chain – electron carriers bring high energy electrons to the inner membrane of the
mitochondria, oxygen is the final electron acceptor, 32 ATP produced.
40. How much ATP does cellular respiration generate? GRAND TOTAL ATP = 36
41. What is the word equation and chemical equation for cellular respiration?
42. What is the word equation for lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?
43. Under what conditions does fermentation take place? No oxygen present
Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division
Chromosome
chromatin
Interphase
mitosis
Prophase
metaphase
Telophase
centromere
Apoptosis
cancer
Embryo
differentiation
cell cycle
cytokinesis
anaphase
chromatid
tumor
stem cell
44. What are the differences between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction?
asexual reproduction – one organism giving rise to two identical organisms; sexual
reproduction – two different organisms giving rise to a third genetically different organism
45. What are the main events of the cell cycle? Interphase (growth, DNA replication,
organelle replication); mitotic phase (nuclear division); cytokinesis (cell splits)
46. What is the difference between plant cell cytokinesis and animal cell cytokinesis? Plant
cells create a cell plate from which the cell wall and cell membrane will form.
47. What stage of the cell cycle occurs after cytokinesis? interphase
48. How do daughter cells and parent cell compare at the end of mitosis? Genetically
identical. Therefore, if a cell started out with 16 chromosomes in interphase, at the end
of the cell cycle each new daughter cell would contain 16 chromosomes.
49. What regulates the cell cycle? Regulatory proteins
50. How are cancer cells different from other cells? They divide out of control.
51. How are stem cells different from other cells? They have the ability to differentiate into
almost any other cell type.
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
Genetics
fertilization
Hybrid
gene
Principle of dominance
segregation
Probability
homozygous
Phenotype
genotype
Independent assortment
incomplete dominance
Multiple allele
polygenic trait
Homologous
diploid
Tetrad
crossing-over
trait
allele
gamete
heterozygous
Punnett square
codominance
meiosis
haploid
zygote
52. How are different forms of a gene distributed to offspring? On chromosomes in
reproductive cells
53. What did Gregor Mendel contribute to our understanding of genetics? Describe the
principles of segregation, dominance, and independent assortment. He is the “Father of
Modern Genetics”. *See Principles Below*
54. Can an organism that is heterozygous for a trait ever express the recessive allele?
(assume no codominance and no incomplete dominance) If an organism is heterozygous
then it contains both the dominant and recessive forms of the gene. The dominant form
will be expressed.
55. What events occur during the phases of meiosis? *See diagram below*
56. Contrast mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis: 4 haploid genetically different daughter cells, not
a cycle; Mitosis: 2 diploid genetically identical daughter cells, a part of the cell cycle
57. Why must cells created by meiosis have half the number of chromosomes as body cells?
This ensures that the number of chromosomes in the species is conserved.
Labeled microscope diagram:
Venn Diagram for Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
An example of Homeostasis:
Mendelian Principles of Inheritance:
Steps of Meiosis