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Therapy
Types of psychotherapy- psychoanalysis
Therapy
Introduction
Term
Explanation
Psychotherapy is an emotionally charged, confiding
interaction between a trained therapist and someone who
is dealing with psychological problems
Application/Example/Extension
Eclecticism approach- is an approach that examines the client’s
problems and then based on this analysis develops and uses a
variety of techniques and therapies to help the client
Meta analysis- includes examining a variety of sources such as
interviewing patients, family members, and psychologists, and
looking over past research reports in order to develop a strong
conclusion and offer the best help possible
Psychiatrists are medical doctors who have completed Psychiatrists have medical degrees that allow them to prescribe
specific training in a psychological specialty
medication
Clinical Psychologists are therapists whose education includes doctoral or masters training in clinical or counseling
psychology
Psychoanalysis was a method developed by Sigmund Freud Freud developed psychoanalysis because many of his patients
who believed that psychological problems were the result of did not exhibit physical causes for their psychological
unresolved conflicts within the unconscious
problems leading him to believe that the conflicts originated in
the unconscious
Psychoanalytical methods
Free association- the patient
Freud would watch for patterns or phrases and words that the patient would repeat in
talks freely and openly,
their dialogue during free association. Freud referred to these statements as Freudian
discussing whatever comes to
slips, which occurred when the patient “slipped” and made a statement that represented
his or her mind
a thought from the unconscious that he or she did not consciously intend to say.
Resistance occurs when the
Patients may not realize
Therapist: “Tell me about your relationship with
patient unconsciously blocks or (unconsciously blocks) that he or
your dad.”
refuses to discuss laden
she refuses to not discuss a certain
Patient: “I already did!”
material or sensitive topics
topic. Even when asked about the
Therapist: “No, you have not yet discussed that.”
topic the patient still seems to avoid Patient: “I though I did, my brother is in the
discussion, and then become
army.”
defensive when asked why he or she Therapist: “I am sorry, but talk to me about your
is not discussing the topic.
dad”
Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan:
Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.
Types of
psychotherapy- humanistic therapy
Therapy
Transference occurs when the When you keep on bringing up an
Patient: “YOU WERE NEVER THERE FOR
patient transfers emotions to
issue with a friend, which he or she
ME- WHY DID YOU LEAVE ME”
the analyst or therapist, that
does not want to talk about,
Therapist: “I never left you, I am right here:”
were meant to be directed
eventually your friend may become
Patient: “I can NEVER trust you”
towards another person- the
upset and possibly take out their
Therapist: “Your mom is not here, I am”
intended source of their
emotions on you even though you
conflict or problems
are not source of the problem
Types of psychoanalytical therapy
Psychoanalysis focuses on childhood
Most people do not choose psychoanalysis for therapy because
memories and conflicts; involved long
either they do not have time, or cannot afford all of the required
sessions- sometimes years, and requires the
sessions. In addition, most people want a solution to their
patient to participate on a daily basis
problem quickly- not in several years
Psychodynamic therapy focuses on current
People are more interested in discussing and developing
issues and problems, and requires fewer
resolution with current problems- not spending time discussing
therapy sessions
childhood events
Humanistic therapy aims to promote self-fulfillment
Humanistic therapists believed that psychological problems are
(satisfaction with life) by increasing self-acceptance
the result of inconsistencies, or incongruence between a person’s
(accepting who they are) and self-awareness (being
self-concept- thoughts of who they are, and how he or she may
aware of their strengths and weaknesses) through the
actually behave. The aim is to make their thoughts consistent, or
development of free will, which emphasizes the client
congruent with their actions, while also improving their selfmaking his or her own decisions and finding solutions for confidence and self-esteem
his or her problems
Client-centered therapy, or person-centered
An example of client-centered therapy would be how a friend
therapy, was developed by Carl Rogers, that
discusses their conflict or problem through dominating the
encouraged the therapist to use active listening,
conversation by answering their own questions- “Should I leave
which was characterized by the therapist being
him? You’re right,” (even though you did not say anything) I will
genuine, showing acceptance, and empathy with the leave him:”
hope that the client will develop for him or herself
answers to their own problems
Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan:
Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.
Therapy
Reflection, also called active listening, requires
the therapist to often repeat and clarify the
client’s thoughts to show the client that he or she
is paying attention
Unconditional positive regard is the therapist’s
acceptance and treating of the client as a valued
person- no matter what the client states
Empathy is the therapist responding to the client
in a way that shows that he or she understands
what the client is going through
Gestalt therapy, another type of humanistic
therapy developed by Fritz Perls and his wife,
who both believed that a patient experienced
psychological problems because his or her
perception or version of reality was not consistent
with what actually was occurring.
Patient: “My mother did not
hold me enough.”
Therapist: “Tell me more
about your mother not holding
you.”
Patient: “I have done a lot of
bad things.”
Therapist: “You are a good
person, we have all done
things that we are ashamed ofI am not perfect.”
Clients will have a tendency to
Therapist: “I remember when
be more open if they know the
I was scared to ask someone
therapist understands why they
to prom.”
are experiencing certain conflicts Patient: “You were scared to
and problems
ask someone out?”
Therapist: “Just like you”
Gestalt therapists believe that a
Therapist: “The reality is that
patient could not begin to grow
you have not been there for
psychologically unless his or her your wife as she has asked
thoughts matched the reality of a you to be.”
situation or circumstances. It is
Client: “Yes I have.”
the role of a gestalt therapist to
Therapist: “You have not been
make the reality clear to the
home enough.”
patient either by reminding them Client: “I work a lot”
of what they are not doing
Therapist: “No, you are
enough of- like not trying in a
hanging with your friends too
relationship, or what they might much.”
never be able to do- like making
a professional football team
Reflection shows a patient that
the therapist is not only listening,
but is also concerned about his
or her problems and helping him
or her resolve their issues
A patient will be honest when he
or she knows the therapist
unconditionally accepts him or
her and what they have done or
have experienced
Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan:
Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.
Therapy
Types of therapy- behavioral
Behavior therapy is a type of therapy, which uses
classical conditioning techniques to treat psychological
problems- especially phobias
Mary Cover Jones was
one of the first behavioral
therapist to use
counterconditioning, a
technique that involved
modifying behavior
through establishing a
new and better
conditioned response to a
stimulus
For example, instead of
having fear of riding in a
elevator (old conditioned
response) each time a
person would goes up in
an elevator (stimulus) a
therapist teaches a client
to remain calm (new
conditioned response)
each time he or she uses
an elevator
Systematic desensitization, developed by Joe Wolpe,
was a treatment used for anxiety- related problems.
This approach would have clients visualize, or
confront, an anxiety provoking stimuli (like a snake),
but instead of becoming anxious the therapist would
help the client develop a better, more productive
response.
Behavioral therapy believes that patients have learned, or
formed certain associations, which were responsible for
psychological problems- for example a fear of heights associated
with dying
Jones was interested in the study of “Little Albert” and wondered
if it was possible to reverse his established fear of white rats.
She utilized countercondtioning with her subject Peter, who was
afraid of rabbits, to form a new response of happiness to replace
his fear of rabbits. She did this through having Peter do
something positive, like eat his favorite food, while she presented
the rabbit, and also have Peter watch other children play presently
with the rabbits.
1. Clients made a
desensitization hierarchy,
or anxiety provoking
hierarchy, which is a list
from least to most of what
causes them to experience
anxiety
2. Clients then learn
progressive relaxation
techniques, which are
techniques that show to
relax when confronted with
an anxiety- provoking
thought
Clients who have a fear of riding in
an elevator
Most stressful: Riding in an
elevator
B. Pressing a button on an elevator
Least stressful: Looking at an
elevator
Therapist: “What do you like to do
that makes you feel good?”
Client: “Cook.”
Therapist: “From now on, when
you get nervous, you are going to
think about cooking.”
Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan:
Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.
Therapy
3. Wolpe would then have
clients’ progress through
their anxiety- provoking
list, starting with the least
stressful aspect and then
progressing to the next
aspect.
4. If any anxiety appeared
in response to the list,
clients were instructed to
utilize one of the
progressive relaxation
techniques- once better, the
client returned back to the
list.
Exposure techniques are techniques in which the
client stays in contact or is exposed to an anxietyevoking stimuli long enough for their anxiety to
disappear- this is referred to as flooding
Aversive conditioning is a type of
counterconditioning, which associates an unpleasant
state with an unwanted behavior
Client’s Anxiety Hierarchy
First: Looking at an elevator
Second: Pressing a button on an
elevator
Third: Riding in an elevator
First: Looking an elevator- client
can do it without any problem
Second: Pressing a button on an
elevator- client starts to shake so
therapist has client imagine buying
groceries to cook
Third: Riding in an elevator-client
again starts to experience anxiety so
therapist has client picture self
cooking
An example of an exposure technique
However, for some
would be making a person ride a roller
people exposure
coaster. Some people may be very
techniques do not
scared when they get on the roller
work and actually
coaster, but as the ride continues their
make their anxiety
fear decreases.
worse.
Unpleasant state- nausea
Unwanted behavior- drinking alcohol
Person with an alcohol problem takes a drug (UCS) that when
combined with alcohol automatically causes nausea (UCR)
Acquisition: (NS) Alcohol + drug (UCS)= nausea (UCR)
Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan:
Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.
Therapy
In classical conditioning terms, alcohol becomes the (CS) from
being paired with the drug that automatically causes nausea
(UCS) and the nausea now becomes the (CR)
Result: Each time the person drinks alcohol while taking this drug
he or she would get sick as resulting in the person forming an
association of vomiting with alcohol
Bell and Pad treatment is used to treat nighttime
Body arousal (UCS) should automatically (NS) Bell + body
bedwetting
cause child to get out of bed (UCR)
arousal (UCS)
Some children however, have a difficult
causes getting out of
time making this association. A bell is
bed (UCR)
then hooked up to their sheets and
anytime pee hits the sheet the bell goes
Bell (CS)= getting
off- taking the place of their body waking out of bed (CR)
him or her up
Behavior modification is a type of behavioral treatment, which uses operant conditioning techniques to treat psychological
problems
Token economy, based on positive
Rehabilitation centers often use token economies to help patients develop
reinforcement, modifies behavior through
better habits and social skills. Patients earn tokens for exhibiting desired
giving rewards following desired behavior
behavior, which they then can exchange for desired merchandise.
Extinction is used to eliminate a negative
Some children learn that if they scream and throw a temper tantrum then
behavior through the gradual disappearance they can get what they want. This occurs because parents reinforce
of a conditioned response through
(increasing) their child’s behavior of temper tantrums by giving the child
nonreinforcement
what they want- attention. This is an example of positive reinforcementattention follows screaming which reinforces the screaming occurring
again
In order for a parent to extinguish (stop) their child’s temper tantrums, then
the parent has to ignore (nonreinforcement) their child when he or she
displays a tantrum- in other words, not give positive reinforcement after the
temper tantrum.
Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan:
Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.
Therapy
Types of -psychotherapycognitive
Modeling- demonstrating positive behavior Parents who do not want their son or daughter to drink or smoke should not
for those who need more positive role
be partaking in these activities in front of their children
models
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is based on learning techniques and help clients to change the way they not only think, but
also the way they act
Rational Emotive
According to
A person believes that he or she has a A- activating event- talking in front of
therapy- ABC
Ellis,
fear of talking in front of people and
people
model- written by
therefore refuses to take a job that has B- beliefs- will embarrass himself or
negative
Albert Ellis;
employees give presentations.
herself in public
beliefs are
developed a therapy responsible
C- anxiety
During Rational emotive therapy, Ellis
that corrected and
for the
Solution: help the client realize that their
would tell the patient that it is not their
improved a person’s consequences,
anxiety is caused by their negative belief
fear of talking in front of people that
beliefs that
like
of embarrassing him or herself and then
causes their anxiety, but their negative
surrounded an
depression a
try to eliminate this negative belief by
belief that they may embarrass
activating event.
person
replacing it with a positive belief- like “I
themselves that is actually causing
experienced
can speak in public.”
their anxiety
Cognitive therapy teaches people new and better methods of thinking and acting through the belief that a patient’s negative
thoughts are responsible for psychological problems. The goal of cognitive therapy is to improve the way a person thinks.
Cognitive therapy (CT), Beck would teach Patient: “No girls find me interesting and want to go out with me”
developed by Aaron
a client a better
Ellis: “Next time you are out I want you to initiate a conversation
Beck, addresses a
type of thinking
with a girl.”
patient’s negative
and then have
Patient: “What if the girl does not take an interest in me”
thoughts and irrational
the client go into
Ellis: “You will not know until you try!”
beliefs through having
a realistic
Next session:
the patients actively go
situation and try
Ellis: “How did it go?”
out and test new types of that type of
Patient: “I went up to a girl, but she said she did not want talk?”
thinking and beliefs
thinking in actual Ellis: “Maybe she had a boyfriend?”
situations
Patient: “I did not think about that.”
Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan:
Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.
Biomedical therapy
Alternative
therapies
Type of psychotherapy- group
therapy
Therapy
Group therapy involves one
The advantages of group therapy include helping more people, sessions cost less for the
or more therapists working
patient, and observing other people with similar problems help others understand their own
together with a small group of problems as well as provide support and empathy for fellow group members
clients
Family therapy is aimed at Families who experience problems often do not work together as a system, but rather do
teaching the family that
their own thing and expect the other family members to understand. In response, a family
they a are system meant to
therapist will often have families work on projects and partake in activities together to
work together not to be
regain their sense of togetherness.
individuals and stay apart
Couples therapy teaches
Most couple therapists find that lack of communication or not talking about problems
better communication skills affects relationships. One of the first steps a couple’s therapist will perform is to have the
to solve problems
couple talk about their problems.
Light-exposure therapy is
Some people become depressed during the winter months due to a lack of sunlight. Lightused to treat seasonal affective exposure therapy sometimes helps these people through exposing patients to artificial light.
disorder, which occurs when
patients become depressed in
association with certain
seasonal changes especially
winter
Biomedical therapy includes the use of prescription drugs, ECT therapy, psychosurgery to treat psychological disorders
because they believe the brain is responsible for psychological disorders
Antipsychotic drugs called neuroleptics are used to treat severe psychotic disorders, like schizophrenia through blocking the
high activity of dopamine, which could be responsible for delusions and hallucinations
Thorazine was one of A side effect of thorazine was tardive dyskinesia, that is characterized by involuntary
the first drugs used to muscle tremors resulting from low levels of dopamine- similar to Parkinson’s disease
treat schizophrenia
*remember antipsychotic drugs reduce levels of dopamine*
Antianxiety drugs are used to treat symptoms of anxiety through boosting the neurotransmitter GABA, which slows down
activity in the brain
Valium and Xanax are examples of
These drugs should not be taken with alcohol because the combination could
antianxiety medications
slow the brain activity to a dangerous level/ alcohol slows down neural activity
Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan:
Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.
Community
psychology
Therapy
Antidepressant drugs are used to treat depression,
Selective serotonin reuptake
When sending neuron release
However, some people who experience
inhibitors (SSRIs), like Prozac, neurotransmitters there are some
depression have sending neurons that suck
Zoloft, Paxil, are designed to
neurotransmitters that are not absorbed back (reuptake process too fast) the
keep the neurotransmitter
by other receiving neurons, leaving
neurotransmitters too quickly before the
serotonin active in the synapse them in the synapse. Normally, the
neurotransmitters ever have a chance to go
longer by slowing down the
neurotransmitters are sucked back like a to the receiving neuron. SSRI’s slow down
reuptake process resulting in
vacuum (referred to as the reuptake
the reuptake process allowing the
serotonin having more of an
process) by the sending neuron to be
neurotransmitters to go to the next neuron
effect in the brain and body
used later.
and have an effect on the brain and body
Lithium is used to treat bipolar
Depakote is a new drug used to treat bipolar that is becoming more popular than
disorder by equalizing the manic and lithium because of fewer side effects and does not require as high of a dose compared
depressive episodes
to lithium
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is Side effects of ECT include memory loss, and often is only temporary in treating
used to treat major depression in
depression
which a brief electrical current is sent
to the brain to speed up activity
Psychosurgery is a surgical
Lobotomies were performed to treat patients with psychotic behaviors such as
procedure that destroys tissue in the
inappropriate emotions and thoughts through severing neural tissue in the frontal
brain to treat psychological disorders lobes (lobe in charge of thinking and planning)- the problem is that once a lobotomy
is performed, the procedure cannot be reverse
Community psychology is a
Deinstitutionalization was the release of patients from hospitals due to cutbacks in
movement to minimize or prevent
mental health programs- patients were released with no further treatments.
psychological disorders through
changing the way patients seeks and
is given help. Community
psychologists visit poverty or lowincome environments and make sure
that residents have adequate
assistance
Submitted by Mike McLane, Sterling Heights High School, Michigan:
Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.