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Transcript
Name: _________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________________ 1) Semester 1 EOC Review Sheet State the three parts of the Cell Theory: a. All living things are composed of cells. b. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things. c. All cells are produced from other cells. 2) What two organelles are only in a plant cell? Chloroplast and cell wall 3) What organelle is larger in the plant than the animal? Why? The vacuole so it can store water and food. 4) Explain the function(s) of the following organelles: (Be sure you can identify these in a picture!) a. Nucleus- directs all of the cell’s activities b. Mitochondria – the “powerhouses” of the cell that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions c. Cell membrane –the next barrier within the cell wall – all cells have membranes - controls what substances come into and out of the cell d. Chloroplast – green organelles in plants that capture energy from the sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell e. Cell wall – a rigid layer of nonliving material (composed of cellulose) that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms f. Vacuole – storage areas within the cell for food, wastes and water g. Cytoplasm – the area between the nucleus and the cell membrane where the organelles are found. 5) What are specialized cells? Cells that are shaped differently to perform a certain job or function. 6) Give three examples of specialized cells. Nerve cells send messages, muscle cells allow for movement, red blood cells transport gases 7) Red blood cells lack a nucleus. What might they not be able to do? Reproduce (mitosis), direct activities, have students give examples 8) In plants with a certain disease, the composition of the cell membrane is not normal. What process would it have trouble doing? Any of these: Passive transport: osmosis and diffusion, Active transport and Photosynthesis 9) Which part of the cell is semi-permeable and regulates the movement of molecules across it? The cell membrane 10) Define homeostasis. An organism’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in spite of the changes in the external or internal environments. 11) List the 5 levels of organization in order. Cells – tissue – organs- organ system - organism 12) List and give an example of the four types of body tissues. Muscular: heart, skeletal muscles, smooth muscle lines digestive tract Epithelial: skin, lines organs Nervous: brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves Connective: bone, cartilage, blood, ligaments 13) Cell Processes a. What is selective permeability? The cell membrane allows some substances to pass through while others cannot. b. Define passive transport: the movement of dissolved materials through a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy ex. Define diffusion: the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Example of diffusion: candle, chocolate milk, air freshener, etc. Draw a picture of diffusion and explain what is happening in the picture using the words high concentration and low concentration A substance in high concentration is moving to an area where it is in low concentration. ex. Define osmosis: the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Example of osmosis: drinking water, exhaling, body cells or red blood cells losing/gaining water. What conditions promote osmosis? The amount (concentration) of dissolved substances, the amount (concentration ) of water. Draw a picture of osmosis and explain what is happening in the picture using the words high concentration and low concentration. Water molecules moving across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration. c. Define active transport: the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. 14) The movement of oxygen out of the lungs and into the blood happens because of __diffusion_______. 15) How does photosynthesis help living things? It is the process that creates food so they can eat and oxygen they can break down food into a useable form of energy. 16) What happens during photosynthesis? a. What types of living things carryout photosynthesis? Green plants or autotrophs b. Definition: the process in which some organisms use water along with sunlight and carbon dioxide to make their own food c. Equation: Light Energy CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Carbon dioxide plus water and sunlight yields (in the presence of a chloroplast) glucose, oxygen and chemical energy in the form of ATP d. Organelle used: __Chloroplast__________________ e. Draw a picture of the organelle and label what goes in and what comes out: 17) f. What would happen to the cell if this organelle stopped working? It would no longer be able to convert sunlight energy into chemical energy. It would lose its source of energy (fuel). What happens during respiration? a. What types of living things carryout cellular respiration? All living things carry out cellular respiration. Autotrophs and heterotrophs (plants and animals). b. Definition: using oxygen to transform glucose into chemical energy called ATP using an organelle called a mitochondria. Water and carbon dioxide are released along with energy during this process. c. Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) Glucose plus oxygen yields Carbon dioxide, water, and energy d. Organelle used: _mitochondrion. e. Draw a picture of the organelle and label what goes in and what comes out: f. What would happen to the cell if this organelle stopped working? The organism would not be able to convert food energy into chemical energy and all cell/life processes would stop. The organism would not be able to survive. 18) What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? The two are reciprocal or reverse processes. The products of one process are the raw materials of the other. 19) Plants undergo both photosynthesis and respiration. What do plants release during photosynthesis and then use during respiration? Oxygen 20) The six characteristics of living things: 1. cellular organization 2. reproduction 3. responds to the environment 4. growth and development 5. energy use 6. chemicals of life 21) 4 Basic needs of all living things: 1. Food 2. Water 3. Shelter 4. Oxygen 22) Explain how to find the total magnification of a specimen when viewed using the microscope: Eyepiece magnification X Objective lens magnification = total magnification. Use the table above to answer the following questions. 23) What is the manipulated variable? The type of organism 24) What is the responding variable? The number of organisms in a field. 25) What conclusions can be drawn from the data? There are more organisms in a field in the month of July compared to May and September. Grasshoppers, birds and spiders are highest in number during the month of July. For the table and image above: 26) What is the manipulated variable? Water temperature 27) What is the responding variable? Carbon dioxide produced per minute 28) What conclusions can be drawn from the data? 40oC (warm water) is the temperature that produces the most carbon dioxide bubbles per minute. 29) Does the experiment demonstrate cellular respiration or photosynthesis? How do you know? Cellular respiration because carbon dioxide is also produced as a result of this chemical process. 30) Name a specialized cell and organ for one of the systems and explain how its form helps its function. (see specialized cell notes or system notes) Cell: __Neuron Organ: _Brain/Spinal cord Form helping function: the long axon allows for chemical messages to be sent quickly, the finger like structures of the dendrites quickly and accurately receive messages. 31) For each solution in the chart above, identify if it is hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic and draw a picture for each (Egg Osmosis Lab). Solution 1: ___Hypotonic_____________ Solution 2: _____Isotonic___________ Solution 3: _____Hypertonic___________ For the chart above: 32) What is the manipulated variable? _type of bread________________________ 33) What is the responding variable? ___presence of mold_______________________ 34) What should be changed about this experiment to make it more accurate? The temperature should be constant so the only variable is the type of bread. For the chart above: 35) What is the manipulated variable? ___the color of the light______ 36) What is the responding variable? ____the mass of the plant______ 37) What conclusions can be drawn from the data? White light produces the greatest increase in plant mass. 38) Briefly describe the function of each of the following systems: Circulatory – transports nutrients throughout the body. Skeletal- provides shape, support, protection, storage of fats and minerals, produces blood cells. Respiratory – allows for exchange of gases with the environment to support cellular respiration. Muscular – enables movement, generates heat. Nervous – sends and receives messages both internally and externally with the environment. Digestive – breaks down food into a useable form the body cells can use. Excretory – eliminates excess water, mineral and nitrogen (urea). 39) Explain how plants have the ability to perform similar functions by describing the organs/tissues that allow it to do so: Organ/Tissue Used How does it carryout a similar function in plants as in animals? Roots, root hairs (epidermal cells) Plants absorb water from soil using Obtaining nutrients Circulation of materials Xylem (water and minerals) and phloem (sugars) leaves (stomata) gas exchange Support Woody and herbaceous stems Gas Exchange Leaves are the organs where gas exchange occurs, stomata and guard cells are the specialized cells where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the environment. roots and osmosis, we use the digestive system to absorb water and osmosis transports water to body cells. Materials are actively and passively transported to cells using a system of vessels, we use arteries, capillaries and veins. Also, epidermal cells line plant and animal tissue so that diffusion and osmosis can take place. Plants use chitin and cellulose to provide support for the organism, this is more of an exoskeleton, we use an endoskeleton made of calcium. We use lungs and a system of tubes called bronchi/bronchioles that transport gases and allow gases to be exchanges in the ends of the tubes called alveoli.