Download Chapter 1 Plants and How They Grow complete

Chapter 1: Plants and How They Grow
Concept web
Leaves make sugar and
oxygen
Leaves use water, carbon dioxide,
and energy from sunlight
Chapter vocabulary graphic organizer
Kinds of Trees
deciduous
coniferous
Interacting Parts of a
System
seedling
seed leaf
Events in the Life of a
Plant
pollinate
germinate
Plant Types No Longer
Living
fossil
extinct
system: a set of parts that work with one another
deciduous: loses leaves in fall and grows new ones in spring
pollinate: move pollen from that part of a flower that makes pollen, to the part of a flower that makes seeds.
coniferous tree: a tree that produces seeds in cones
seed leaf: part of a seed that has stored food
germinate: begins to grow (pg. 20)
seedling: a new, small plant that grows from a seed
fossil: remains or mark of a living thing from long ago
extinct: no longer lives on Earth
Lesson 1: What are the main parts of a plant?
There are 4 main parts: leaves, roots, stems, and flowers
What do all living things need?
Living things need food, water, air and space.
Plants make their own food by using energy from the sun
Why Plants Need leaves.
Leaf system
Oxygen
Plants make and let
out oxygen gas when
they make sugar
Gas
Carbon dioxide
enters the leaf
through tiny holes
on its underside.
Sun
Plants need energy
from the Sun to
change carbon dioxide
and water into sugar
and oxygen
Leaf Veins
Tiny tubes called leaf
veins deliver water to the
leaf. They also carry
sugar made in the leaves
to the rest of the plant
Sugar
The leaves make sugar for
food that passes through
the stems to the rest of the
plant
Water
enters the leaf from
the roots and stem
What are other ways leaves help plants?
They balance the amount of water plants take in by letting some water out through the tiny holes on the underside.
In dry places leaves have waxy or fuzzy coatings to help keep water in
Leaves help a plant from being eaten because they can be poisonous, sharp, or tough to chew.
Using the above information students should be able to answer the following questions:
1.
How are plants and animals similar?
They need food, air, water and space to live and grow
2. What can plants do that animals cannot?
Plants can make their own food.
3. How is the structure of an oak tree the same as a tomato plant?
An oak tree and tomato plant are both plants. They both have leaves, roots, stems and flowers.
4. What is the purpose of the tiny holes in a leaf?
They allow oxygen to pass out of the leaf and carbon dioxide to enter the leaf.
5.
Explain how a leaf helps a plant control its water amount.
A leaf lets out water through its tiny holes if there is too much water in the plant. In dry places, leaves have
fuzzy or waxy coatings that help keep water in.
6. What might happen to a plant if you taped the bottom of its leaves?
The plant would die because it could not get or gives off the gases it needs or give off water.
Lesson 2
Why do plants need roots and stems?
Roots help plants
 Hold the plant in the ground
 Take in water and materials called minerals
from the soil.
 Store food made by the plant
Taproots are large roots such as carrots, dandelions
and beets
Water and minerals travel up the root through
tubes to the stem and leaves
Water enters the root through the root hairs
Stems help plants
 Holds up the leaves, flowers, and fruits
 They have tubes that move water and minerals
from the roots of the plant to the leaves.
 Other tubes carry food from the leaves of plants
to the stems and roots
 Parts of some stems grow underground. A
potato is this kind of stem. These kinds of
stems can sprout new stems from buds such as
the potato’s “eyes.” They grow upward to
form a new plant.
Different kinds of stems
 Stolons: thin and grow along the surface of the ground. They can grow roots and a new plants
 Vines: grow parts that wrap around objects that support the plant
Cactus stems
 These swell us as they store water/ the stems shrink as the plant uses water
 They also have thick, waxy covering to help keep them from losing water
 Have spines growing out of it which is a special kind of leaf that keeps animals from eating it
Using the above information students should be able to answer the following questions.
1.
What is a taproot
One large root that grows deed into the soil
2. How do tiny root hairs help a plant?
They take in water
3. Why do you think carrots and beets are such thick roots?
They hold a lot of water, nutrients, and food for the plant
4. How do roots help a plant?
They hold up the plant, take in water and minerals and store food made in plant leaves.
5. What materials do the stem tubes move?
Water, minerals and food
6. How is the movement of water different from the movement of food in plant stems?
Water moves from the roots to the leaves, while food moves from the leaves to the stems and roots.
7. How do stems help a plant?
Stems support leaves, flowers and fruits. They carry food from the leaves to the roots. Some stems help protect
the plant form enemies
8. How are roots and stems alike and different?
Alike: they help support plant and transport materials.
Different: roots are below ground, while stems are usually above round; some stems help make food or store
water, some roots store food.
9. Suppose that the stem branch of a plant is cut. Why do the leaves on the cut branch wilt and turn yellow while
the other leaves remain healthy?
The tubes that carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves have been cut, so the leaves on the cut
branch do not get the materials they need to survive
Lesson 3: How are plants grouped?
Plants are grouped according to their parts.
Deciduous trees: lose all their leaves in the fall.
Flowers make seeds when they are pollinated.
 To make seeds, insects must move pollen from the pollen producing part of the plant to the
 Seed producing part of the plant. This process is called pollination.
 To make seeds, insects must move pollen from the pollen producing part of the plant to the seed producing part
of the plant. This process is called pollination.
Coniferous trees
 Grow cones instead of flowers to make their seeds.
 Most do not lose their leaves in the fall.
 The leaves of most coniferous trees look like needles.
 Wind scatters pollen from pollen producing seeds to seed producing seeds
 The seeds form under the scales of the cone
Two types of cones
 Seed producing cones: are larger than pollen cones and produce or make seeds
 Pollen producing cones: are smaller than seed cones and produce or make pollen
Using the above information students should be able to answer the following questions.
1. How do some insects help seeds form? Insects move pollen from one part of a flower to the flower part that
makes seeds.
2. What do flowers do? Flowers make pollen, seeds and fruit that will surround and protect the seeds.
3. Describe how a flower makes a seed. Pollen is placed on the tip of a certain part of the flower, and then seeds
from at the bottom of that part.
4. What are two ways to group plants? By the kinds of roots, stems and leaves they have, and by the kinds of
flowers or cones they have.
5. Describe two kinds of plant parts that can make seeds. The flowers in flowering plants have special parts that
make either seeds or pollen. There are two kinds of cones in coniferous plants. One kind is small and makes
pollen. Another kind is larger and has stiff, scaly parts that make seeds.
6. What is a cone? A cone is the part of a coniferous tree that makes seeds.
7. Is a pine tree deciduous or coniferous? Coniferous
8. Is a pine tree a flowering or non-flowering tree? Non-flowering
9. What do cones and flowers have in common? Both are the parts of a plant that make seeds
Lesson 4: How do new plants grow?
First seeds need to be scattered. Some types of pine cones need to be heated in a forest fire to release their seeds
Seeds are scattered by:
Wind:
Water:
wind scatters seeds that have parachutes or wings
Water scatters seeds that float, such as coconuts
Carried by animals:
Eaten by animals:
Animals scatter seeds that can stick to fur.
Animals scatter seeds when they eat fruit.
Germinating and Growing
Seed parts
stored food is known as the seed leaf
Life Cycle of a Plant
Seeds
Germinating seed
Adult plant
Seedling
Using the above information students should be able to answer the following questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What are two ways that animals scatter seeds? animals scatter seeds by carrying them on their fur or by eating
them.
What happens to a coconut seed in the water? It floats in the water
How does a coconut seed’s ability to float help a new coconut tree grow? The coconut can be carried by water
to a new location so that a new coconut tree can grow far away from the parent tree.
How might the hard shell of a coconut help a new coconut tree grow? The shell keeps the coconut from
breaking or cracking when it falls. The shell also keeps water from getting inside the shell and causing the
coconut to sink.
What are the parts of a seed? Seed coat, one or two seed leaves and a tiny new plant
Describe the life cycle of a plant starting with a seed being planted. A seed that is planted germinates and grows
into a seedling. The seedling grows and develops into an adult plant. The adult plant makes flowers or cones.
Pollination occurs, and seeds are made.
What is a new plant called that first grows from a seed? A Seedling
Why doesn’t a seed need sunlight? Plant leaves use sunlight to make sugar for food. The seed does not need
sunlight because it has stored food in the seed leaf it uses to grow.
Why can the growth of plants be considered a cycle? Because growth can progress from seed to seedling to
adult plan, which produce new seeds, again and again.
Lesson 5: How are plants from the past like today’s plants?


Fossils show the kinds of plant that lived long ago. In some ways today’s plants are similar to plants from the
past that have disappeared.
We learn about plants that lived long ago by studying fossils.
Formation of fossils:
 First, the plant died. Next, the plant was pressed in the mud. Then the plant rotted away. Finally, the mud
hardened into rock. The flat imprint of the plant is seen when the rock cracks open.

Another kind of fossil is made when rock replaces the parts that make up a plant. The rock is called a petrified
fossil.

Petrified wood can form when trees are buried in the ground. Minerals replace wood in the rees. At the same
time, water breaks down the wood and carries it away. Over a long period of time, the wood is replaced by
stone with exactly the same shape and markings as the original wood.
Plants change over time
First plants did not have flowers or cones. Coniferous trees appeared and finally, flowering plants.
Plants within a group, such as magnolias, may change over a long period of time. Some kinds of plants have
completely disappeared.
Using the above information students should be able to answer the following questions.
1.
What can scientists learn by studying fossils? Fossils give scientists clues to life forms that lived long ago.
2. How are petrified fossils made? Minerals in water replace wood that is slowly dissolving away in a tree. These
minerals then slowly harden into stone in the shape of the original wood.
3. Do petrified plant fossils contain any parts of the plant? Explain. Petrified plant fossils do not contain any parts
of the plant. They are all rock because the plant parts were replaced by rock.
4. What is an extinct plant? An extinct plant is a type of plant that no longer exists on Earth.
5. How do scientists learn about plants that are extinct? By studying their fossils
6. What were some of the earliest plants like? Some of the earliest plants were like today’s ferns and horsetails.
They did not have seeds or cones.
7. Which appeared first on Earth-coniferous or flowering plants? Coniferous