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Meiosis
1. The sex cells have _________ the number of chromosomes as the body cells. If an organism has 26
chromosomes in a skin cell, they will have _________ chromosomes in a sperm cell. If a sperm cell has 10
chromosomes, the somatic cell of that organism would have _______ chromosomes.
2. Mitosis divides a diploid cell into _______ _______ cells that are ___________ to the parent cell. Mitosis
divides ________ time(s). Mitosis occurs in the ___________ cells.
3. Meiosis divides a diploid cell into four ________ cells that become ___________. Meiosis divides ________
time(s). Meiosis occurs in the ____________.
4. During which process (Mitosis/Meiosis) does crossing over occur?
5. Before which process (Mitosis/Meiosis) does DNA replication occur?
6. What processes contribute to the variability of offspring?
7. _____________ is necessary in order to ensure continuity of the amount of genetic material in a species and
continuity between generations.
8. Humans have ______ chromosomes: ______ autosomes and ______ sex chromosomes. An egg cell would
have ______ autosomes and the ______ sex chromosome. A sperm cell would have ______ autosomes and
the ______ or ________ sex chromosome.
9. Diploid cells have _____ copies of each chromosome. Haploid cells have ______ copy of each chromosome.
10. Chromosomes occur in pairs because of ___________, when the male and female gamete unite.
11. Define these cells as diploid or haploid.
a.
Gametes
b. somatic cells
d. skin cell
e. sperm
c. egg cells
12. A change in a gene causing it to produce a different chemical effect is called a _____________.
13. UV light causes mutations by changing the cell’s ___________.
14. What is the relationship between chromosomes, genes, and DNA?
15. What is a stem cell?
Genetics
16. What is Nondisjunction? What are some disorders that are possible from nondisjunction?
17. What usually happens in the case of a monosomy? What is the exception?
18. What is a karyotype and how could it used by a geneticist?
19. Genetic diseases are often caused by a mutation in the DNA which can make an organism unable to
synthesize an _______________.
20. What is the difference between the genotype and the phenotype?
21. When two plants that were homozygous for two traits (RRYY and rryy) were crossed, the F2 generation had
a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes. Which law was being represented by this occurrence?
22. Sex-linked traits are carried on the ______ or _______ chromosome.
23. If a sex-linked trait is carried on the X chromosome, can a father influence that trait in his son? Why or why
not?
24. How would it be possible for two healthy parents pass on a recessive disorder to their children?
25. What is a pedigree? What would you look for on that pedigree to identify a dominant trait? A recessive trait?
A sex-linked trait?
26. The letters on the outside of the Punnett chart are the parent’s possible ______________.
27. Two organisms described as RR and Rr would have different __________ but the same ________.
28. If two heterozygous organisms (Rr) had offspring, what would be the most probable genotype?
29. If a heterozygous organism (Rr) produces gametes, what are the chances that the gamete will have the
dominant allele?
30. In humans, there is a gene that controls formation (or lack thereof) of muscles in the tongue that allow
people with those muscles to roll their tongues, while people who lack those muscles cannot roll their
tongues. The ability to roll one’s tongue is dominant (T) over non-rolling (t).
In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b). (Actually, the situation is complicated by the fact that there is
more than one gene involved in eye color, but for this example, we’ll consider only this one gene.)
a.
Cross two people who are heterogzygous for both tongue-rolling and eye color. Show your
Punnett Square and the ratios of the possible phenotypes of their offspring.
b. Cross a person who is heterozygous for both tongue-rolling and eye color with a person who
non-rolling blue-eyed person. Show your Punnett Square and the ratios of the possible
phenotypes of their offspring.
Biological Evolution
31. The study of evolutionary relationships between homologous structures is called ____________.
32. What is the evolutionary significance of gill slits in the embryos of different species?
33. What is the evolutionary significance of vestigial structures?
34. Change in the inherited traits of a species over time is called ____________.
35. The process by which a species becomes better suited for its environment is called _________.
36. Give an example of an adaptation.
37. Give an example of a homologous structure.
38. Give an example of an analogous structure.
39. Give an example of biochemical evidence of a common ancestor.
40. The study of the development of organisms is called _____________.
41. The strongest evidence of two organisms being related would be having similar __________.
42. Use the Phylogenetic Tree to the right to determine which is more closely related to the horse: the penguin,
pig, monkey or tuna?
Introduction to Biology
43. What is homeostasis? What are some examples of things regulated in
homeostasis?
44. What is a hypothesis? How do you test it?
45. How do you calculate the total magnification of a microscope?
Ecology
46. Define commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Give an example of each.
47. What is a niche? What happens to two organisms that have the same niche?
48. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
49. What is a climax community?
50. List possible organisms as they might appear to colonize a community.
51. List each level in a food chain and give an example of an organism for each.
52. What is the difference between density-dependent and density independent factors? Give example for each.
53. What is bioaccumulation? Why might it be a concern?
54. List and define the processes in the water cycle.
55. What types of things are involved in nutrient cycles? (give living and non-living examples)
Cells
56. List the three parts of the cell theory.
57. Label the parts of a cell.
58. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
59. What would you expect to find in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
60. Describe the functions of the following organelles.
a.
Mitochondria
b. Ribosomes
c. Cell membrane
d. Cell wall
e. Chloroplasts
f.
Nucleus
61. What types of cells would you expect to have many mitochondria? Why?
Cell Transport
62. Define active and passive transport.
63. Define and give examples of each type of transport.
Chemistry and Biomolecules
64. List building blocks of each of the following.
a.
Lipids
b. Proteins
c. Nucleic Acids
d. Carbohydrates
65. Which of the biomolecules above can serve as insulation for an organism?
66. In what category of biomolecules do enzymes belong and what do they do?
67. What are the factors that affect enzyme activity?
68. What are two examples of nucleic acids?
69. Describe the structure of DNA (what are the parts)?
70. How does ATP release and store energy?
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
71. What is photosynthesis?
72. In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
73. What is cellular respiration?
74. What are the raw materials of cellular respiration?
75. When (or why) does lactic acid fermentation occur?
Cell Cycle and Protein Synthesis
76. What is the sequence of steps in the cell cycle?
77. How is the cell cycle controlled?
78. What is the sequence of protein synthesis?
79. What is made during replication?
80. If a strand of DNA has the code ATAGCTACTTAAGCG, what would the complementary strand of DNA
be that is made during replication?
81. Cells that divide uncontrollably can result in _____________.
82. Draw a picture of a cell in each stage of mitosis.
83. Draw and label the parts of a chromosome at the beginning of mitosis.