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NCEA Level 3 Science (90731) 2011 — page 1 of 3 Assessment Schedule 2011 Science: Describe geological processes affecting New Zealand ( 90731) Evidence Statement Q Evidence Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence ONE The Kermadec Trench is oceanic crust subducting under oceanic / continental crust. The Pacific Plate subducts under the Australian Plate, which drags the plate downwards thus resulting in a trench. Description of the tectonic processes for one area. Explanation of the tectonic processes for transform fault and subduction zone. Full discussion of the similarities and differences of the Kermadec Trench, Macquarie Ridge and the Alpine Fault. The Macquarie Ridge is similar to the Kermadec Trench in that it is a subducting plate boundary. The difference is that the Australian Plate, oceanic, is subducting under the Pacific Plate, continental. The Alpine Fault is continental crust to continental crust. It is a transform fault, which means the two plates are pushing into and past each other (Australian to the North East and the Pacific to the South West). The north and south of New Zealand are similar (both subduction processes), but the middle has very different tectonic processes occurring. OR Comparison of the processes. Eg: The Kermadec Trench is a subducting plate boundary, where the Pacific Plate (oceanic crust) is subducting under the Australian Plate (continental crust). Eg: Kermadec Trench and Macquarie Ridge are subduction zones while the Alpine Fault is a collision zone and transform fault. OR Explanation of one tectonic process AND comparison of the processes. Eg: In the Kermadec Trench the Pacific Plate (oceanic crust) is subducting under the Australian Plate (continental crust). The Alpine Fault is a transform fault – this is where the two plates (both continental crust) are sliding past each other. Eg: In the Kermadec Trench the Pacific Plate (oceanic crust) is subducting under the Australian Plate(continental crust). The Alpine Fault is a transform fault – this is where the two plates (both continental crust) are sliding past each other other (Australian to the North East and the Pacific to the South West). The Macquarie Fault Zone is a subducting plate boundary, where the Australian Plate (oceanic crust) is subducting under the Pacific Plate (continental crust). The Kermadec and Macquarie zones are both subduction zones, whereas the Alpine Fault is a transform fault. (Data from diagram used to support answer.) NCEA Level 3 Science (90731) 2011 — page 2 of 3 TWO Geothermal areas are a result of magma moving close to the surface of the earth where it can heat up the underground waterways. The geothermal areas tend to be where the subducting plates are deep enough to melt and rise to the surface. This is why there is a lot of geothermal activity around the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ). The geothermal activity around Auckland is a result of the hotspot activity bringing magma close to the surface of the earth. Description of what causes geothermal areas. OR Description of the location in relation to the plate boundary. Eg: Geothermal areas are a result of magma close to the surface, where it can heat up underground waterways. OR Rotorua is close to a subducting plate boundary. OR Waiwera results from/ close to hotspot activity of Auckland. Explanation of how plate boundary leads to the formation and location of the geothermal areas. Eg: Geothermal areas are a result of magma close to the surface, where it can heat up underground waterways. AND Rotorua has geothermal areas, due to the subduction zone off the east coast of New Zealand. When the subducting plate gets deep enough, it will melt and rise to the surface, where it heats the underground waterways. OR The geothermal activity at Waiwera is a result of the hotspot in that region, not the subducting plate boundary. The hotspot is an area where the magma is superheated, and therefore sends up a mantle plume(through cracks in a thin crust) that can then heat up underground waterways. Full discussion of how plate boundary and hotspots lead to the formation and location of the geothermal areas Eg: Geothermal areas are a result of magma close to the surface, where it can heat up underground waterways. Rotorua has geothermal areas, due to the subduction zone off the east coast of New Zealand. When the subducting plate gets deep enough, it will melt and rise to the surface, where it heats the underground waterways. The geothermal activity at Waiwera is a result of the hotspot in that region, not subducting plate boundary. The hotspot is an area where the magma is superheated, and therefore sends up a mantle plume through cracks in a thin crust that can then heat up underground waterways. NCEA Level 3 Science (90731) 2011 — page 3 of 3 THREE P and S waves travel at different speeds, P waves at approx. 7 m s–1 and S waves at approx. 4 m s–1 . Description of P and S waves. Because of this difference in speed, the seismologist can work out the distance to the epicentre by using the time difference in arrival of the P and S waves using using formula v=d/t Seismologists then require at least three different stations to have recorded the earthquake. They work out the distance from each of the stations. They then use this data to draw a circle of how far away the quake was on a map for each station. Where the three circles intersect is the epicentre of the quake. Other properties of P and S waves are: P waves , primary, longitudinal, fastest, arrive first, can travel through solids and liquids, do little damage. In comparison to S waves, secondary, transverse, slower than P waves, arrive second, can only travel through solids, do lots of damage. http: / / www.oakton.edu / user / 4 / billtong / eas100lab / lab10quake.htm OR Description of how the three distances intersect to give epicentre. OR Description of how to work out distance from time interval between P (faster) and S (slower) . Eg: P waves are primary waves and travel at 7 m s–1 . S waves are the secondary waves and travel at 4 m s–1. Eg: The waves travel at different speeds, they will arrive at the seismograph at different times. It is this difference in arrival time that is used to work out how far away the epicentre was (using formula v = d / t). Eg: Draw 3 circles using distance information from 3 seismographs as radii; where they overlap gives the epicentre. Description of P and S waves and explanation of how they can be used to work out the distance. OR Description of P and S waves and explanation of how the three distances can be used to find epicentre. Eg: P waves are primary waves and travel at 7 ms–1 . S waves are the secondary waves and travel at 4 m s–1. Because the waves travel at different speeds, they will arrive at the seismograph at different times. It is this difference in arrival time that is used to work out how far away the epicentre was (using formula v = d / t). Description of P and S waves. Full discussion how distance is worked out and how this is then used to draw the three intersecting circles. Eg: P waves are primary waves and travel at 7 m s –1 . S waves are the secondary waves and travel at 4 m s–1. Because the waves travel at different speeds, they will arrive at the seismograph at different times. It is this difference in arrival time that is used to work out how far away the epicentre was (using formula (v = d / t). This distance does not show the direction to the epicentre, so seismologists need to have at least three values, which they can then use to identify the epicentre. They do this by drawing on a map around the seismograph site at the specific calculated distance. The point where all three circles intersect is the epicentre. Judgement Statement Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence 2A 2M 2E