Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Commerce in a Global Age WHAP/Napp Do Now: “In the early seventeenth century, the Dutch had the most efficient economic system in Europe. The Dutch Republic bordered the North Sea, reclaimed land from its waters and lived from its largesse. Fishing was the Republic’s great national industry. With their windmills and their dikes, the Dutch reclaimed land from the sea. With such an investment of capital and energy the Dutch worked their land carefully and efficiently. They developed new methods of crop rotation, planting turnips in the fall to provide winter food for humans and sheep. At other times of year they raised peas, beans, and clover to restore nitrogen to the soil. With these cropping patterns, the Dutch no longer had to leave onethird of their land fallow each year. They farmed it all, increasing productivity by 50 percent. In addition, the Dutch built one of the largest textile industries in Europe, based on wool from their own sheep and on huge quantities imported from England. On the seas and in the rivers, the Dutch were sailing 10,000 ships as early as 1600, and for the next century they dominated the shipping of northern Europe. The Dutch also developed commercial institutions to underpin their dominance in trade. The bourse, or stock exchange, was opened in Amsterdam in the mid-sixteenth century and in 1609 the Bank of Amsterdam was established. In 1602 Dutch businessmen founded the Dutch East India Company, a joint stock company dedicated to trade in Asia. The Company captured several Portuguese ports, but concentrated on the most lucrative of all the East Asian centers, Java and the Moluccas, the Spice Islands of today’s Indonesia. In 1619 the Dutch East India Company founded Jakarta, which served as its regional headquarters until 1950 when Indonesia won its independence. In 1623 they seized Amboina in the Moluccas, killing a group of Englishmen they found there, and forcing the English back to India. In 1600 Dutch traders reached Japan. In 1641, all other foreigners were expelled, but, because they did not engage in missionary activity, the Dutch were permitted a small settlement on Deshima Island, off Nagasaki, and were the only European traders allowed in Japan. In 1652, the Dutch captured from the Portuguese the Cape of Good Hope at the southernmost tip of Africa and established there the first settlement of Afrikaners, South Africans of Dutch descent. In North America, the Dutch established New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island but the English conquered it and in 1664 renamed it New York. Despite their gains, the Dutch could not ultimately retain their supremacy. An aggressive, skilled small country simply could not continue to compete with two aggressive, skilled large countries (Britain and France). ~ The World’s History 1- Why did the Dutch have an efficient economic system in the early 17th century? ________________________________________________________________________ 2- Identify successes of the Dutch East India Company. ________________________________________________________________________ 3- Why were the Dutch able to remain in Japan when others were expelled? ________________________________________________________________________ 4- Who were the Afrikaners? ________________________________________________ I. Motivation for Global Trade A. Deliberate century-long Portuguese effort to explore a sea route to Asia, by sailing down West African coast around South Africa to Calicut in southern India in 1498 B. Immediate motivation: spices – cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, pepper C. Western Europe: recovered from plague, monarchies taxing more effectively, gunpowder weapons, growth of cities D. Capitalist economy: market exchanges, private ownership, capital to invest E. Search for all-water route to Asia: to avoid Muslim and Venetian monopolies F. Rumor: mysterious Christian monarch, Prester John, in Asia or Africa? II. Complexities A. But few products of less developed Europe were attractive in Asian markets B. Europeans were required to pay in gold or silver for Asian spices or textiles C. Persistent trade deficit contributed to intense desire for precious metals D. Portuguese voyages along West African coast: seeking direct access to gold E. Enormously rich silver deposits of Mexico and Bolivia: temporary solution F. Yet Portuguese learned Indian Ocean merchant ships not heavily armed G. Portuguese: “trading post empire,” aimed to control commerce with arms H. By 1600: other European countries contested Portugal’s monopoly I. Spain was the first to challenge Portugal’s position J. Spaniards established themselves on “Philippine Islands”…named after Philip II – Discovered on Ferdinand Magellan’s “round world” (1519-1521) K. Far more important than Spanish were the Dutch and English (1600s): organized their Indian Ocean ventures through private trading companies III. British and Dutch A. British East India Company and Dutch East India Company: had government charters, trading monopolies, power to make war and govern B. British East India Company: India…Dutch: Indonesia C. Dutch controlled production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace D. British traded with permission of Mughals or local rulers or bribes E. Slowly evolved into a more conventional form of colonial domination F. Yet Tokugawa expelled Christian missionaries and isolated Japan IV. Silver Trade A. More than spice, silver trade gave birth to a global network of exchange B. Mid-16th discovery of rich silver deposits in Bolivia, and simultaneously in Japan, suddenly provided a vastly increased supply C. 1570s, Chinese Ming authorities consolidated a variety of taxes into a single tax (Single Whip), which its huge population was now required to pay in silver D. This sudden new demand for silver caused its value to skyrocket E. Foreigners with silver could now purchase far more of China’s goods F. At the world’s largest silver mine in what is now Bolivia, the city of Potosí, some families held funeral services for men drafted to work the mines G. Infusion of silver in Spain generated more inflation of prices than growth H. Shoguns used profits from silver to developed a market-based economy and invested heavily in agricultural and industrial enterprises 1- What was the Portuguese “plan” for exploration? ________________________________________________________________________ 2- What motivated the Portuguese in their exploration? ________________________________________________________________________ 3- What advantages did Western Europeans have regarding exploration? ________________________________________________________________________ 4- Why was silver being “drained” from Western Europe and sent to Asia? ________________________________________________________________________ 5- Define trade deficit. ________________________________________________________________________ 6- How did Western Europe’s persistent trade deficit affect the region? ________________________________________________________________________ 7- Why were the Portuguese able to establish a “trading post empire”? ________________________________________________________________________ 8- How did Spain begin to challenge Portugal’s “monopoly”? ________________________________________________________________________ 9- What were the British and Dutch East India Companies? ________________________________________________________________________ 10- Where did the British East India Company largely focus its attentions? ________________________________________________________________________ 11- Where did the Dutch East India Company largely focus its attentions? ________________________________________________________________________ 12- Why did the British East India Company often have to “work” with the Mughals? ________________________________________________________________________ 13- What had the Tokugawa shoguns done in Japan? ________________________________________________________________________ 14- What was the first global trade? ________________________________________________________________________ 15- How did this trade link the Americas, Asia, and Europe? ________________________________________________________________________ 16- What was the Single Whip Tax? ________________________________________________________________________ 17- What Chinese Dynasty implemented the Single Whip Tax? ________________________________________________________________________ 18- Why did the Single Whip Tax increase the demand for silver? ________________________________________________________________________ 19- What could foreigners with silver now do as a result of the Single Whip Tax? ________________________________________________________________________ 20- Identify two facts about Potosí. ________________________________________________________________________ 21- Define inflation. ________________________________________________________________________ 22- Why did the silver trade lead to inflation in Spain? ________________________________________________________________________ 23- How did Japan’s shoguns use profits from the silver trade? ________________________________________________________________________ 1. Which New World commodity was of the greatest value to the Spanish monarchy? (A) Potato (B) Tomato (C) Silver (D) Sugar (E) Quinine 2. What was the long-term impact of the massive influx of silver into the Spanish economy that resulted from its domination of the New World? I. Inflation and unwise government spending II. A permanent economic advantage over other European powers III. Development of the most sophisticated banking system in the world (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II (E) I and III 3. The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of (A) Spain (B) Sicily (C) France (D) Portugal (E) Tunisia 4. Which statement most accurately describes Japanese participation in the global trade network? (A) The Japanese were quickly enslaved by the colonizing Europeans. (B) The Japanese warmly accepted Western commercial interests and became part of the dependent zones of the global trade network. (C) The Japanese did display some openness to Christian missionaries and they were also fascinated by Western advances in gunnery and shipping. (D) After 1600 all Europeans were banned from Japan, but Japanese traders continued to travel and trade abroad. (E) Japan, like China, showed no interest in any aspect of Western trade. 5. Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history? (A) The rise of the Aztec and Inca empires (B) The economic recovery in AfroEurasia after the Black Death (C) The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange (D) The emergence of new religious movements in various parts of the world Thesis Practice: Change over Time – Interregional Trade: 600 C.E. – 1750 C.E. Analyze changes and continuities in interregional trade from 600 C.E. to 1750 C.E. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________