Download Introduction to the Animal Kingdom – notes

Name: __________________________
Introduction to the Animal Kingdom – notes
Unifying
Characteristics
of the Animal
Kingdom
4 Characteristics that ALL animals share:
1. ________________________: composed of more than 1 cell
2. Be Eukaryotic – have a nucleus and other organelles in each cell
3. ________________________ - consume or eat food
4. Have no ________________________
7 Essential
Functions
Animals carryout 7 Essential Functions to survive.
1. ________________________ - all animals must obtain food
2. Respiration - all animals must take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
3. ________________________ - all animals must have a system of transporting
oxygen, nutrients and waste within their bodies
4. Excretion - all animals eliminate waste produced by cellular respiration
5. Response-most animals have nerve cells or a nervous system to respond to stimuli.
6. ________________________- most animals have muscles or muscular/skeletal
systems for movement or they have a way to move or circulate water for feeding.
7. ________________________ -most reproduction is sexual using sperm and egg
cells; some animals like sponges and jellyfish can reproduce asexually
From simple groups of animals to more complex groups, the body characteristics
that develop:
A. Cell specialization- animals have different types of cells which have special
structures to perform special tasks (ex: muscle cells contract and relax to produce
movement & nerve cells send electrical impulses to respond to the environment)
B. Levels of organization - animal bodies are organized to carry out complex
functions1. ________________________ form Tissues
2. ________________________ form Organs
3. ________________________ form Organ Systems
Common Trends
in Animal
Evolution
Did you Know?
Some of the simplest animals have NO
symmetry known as asymmetric
!
C. Body symmetry, 2 types
1. Radial- simple animals; body parts repeat around center
2. ________________________- complex animals; body has two equal
halves which allows for cephalization and a coelom
 Cephalization- sense organs are concentrated near front
 ________________________ = Body cavity- most animals have an
internal space for organs to be cushioned and protected.
D. Similar Early Development – In most animals, the zygote divides to form a
hollow ball of cells called a ________________________. The blastula develops
3 layers of cells called germ layers
1. Endoderm- innermost, forms digestive tract and respiratory system.
2. Mesoderm- middle, forms muscles, bones circulatory and reproductive.
3. Ectoderm- outer, sense organs and skin
– ________________________- hole that will form mouth or anus
Name: __________________________
Two Groups of
Animals
Animals are separated into 2 groups:
1. ________________________- have no backbone, largest group, many phyla.
2. ________________________- have a backbone, one phylum
Vertebrates: The
Most Evolved
Group of
Animals
The Vertebrates: Phylum Chordata “Chordates”
4 Common Characteristics:
1. Vertebral column (developed from the outer portion of notochord)
2. Endoskeleton of cartilage or bone that grows with the animal
3. Brain encased by________________________
4. Complex ________________________systems
7 living classes of Vertebrates: (In evolutionary order)
1. Class Agnatha – Jawless fishes. Lamprey - parasitic, Hagfish -scavengers.
a. Eel shaped, ________________________, sucker shaped mouth, Cold
–blooded, Only have a few cartilage plates in their skull , External
fertilization, lay eggs in water, have gills
2. Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous fishes. Sharks, skates, rays.
a. ________________________ of Cartilage, Paired fins, Cold-blooded,
Tooth like scales on skin called dermal denticles, moveable jaw
attached to skull, Internal & External fertilization
3. Class Osteichthyes- Bony fishes. Perch, trout, catfish, bass
a. Skeleton of ________________________, Gill cover called operculum,
Body covered by scales, Cold-blooded, Most External fertilization
4. Class Amphibia – Frogs, toads, salamanders. (________________________)
a. As larva, have gills. As adults, have lungs and limbs adapted for life on
land. Reproduce in water & lay eggs in water. Cold-blooded. Have
moist skin & usually do not have claws
**_______________________- Major body change over a life time.
5. Class Reptilia- Snakes, lizards, turtles, and alligators.
a. Reproduce on ________________________by laying leathery eggs.
The _______________ egg makes reptiles the first group to be well
adapted to life on land. Dry, scaly skin with claws on the toes. Welldeveloped lungs. Cold-blooded
6.
Class Aves- Birds.
a. Have feathers and bodies adapted for ________________________:
Hollow or partly hollow bones, Lungs & Air Sacs, Large Chest
Muscles. Reproduce by laying eggs with calcium shell. Warm-blooded.
7. Class Mammalia – Mammals.
a. Most young develop ________________________ and are nursed after
birth on milk created by mammary glands. Most have fur or hair at
some time during their lives. Well-developed brain. Warm-blooded