Download Animal Kingdom

Animals: Welcome to
Your Kingdom
Basic Form and Function
What is an Animal?
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Invertebrates and
Vertebrates
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Eukaryotic
Contain Tissues that
develop from germ
layers
Nutritional Mode of Animals
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Heterotrophic:
Ingestion of food and
absorption inside
digestive tract with aide
of enzymes
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Plants: autotrophic
Fungi: heterotrophic that
grow on or near that feed
by absorption
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Often aided by enzymes
that digest food outside of
bodies
Cellular Organization of
Animals
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Multicellular but lack cellular support through cell walls
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Cells are specialized into functional Tissues then organs, etc.
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Instead held together by structural proteins (most abundant is collagen)
Muscular, nervous, etc.
Tissues develop from layers of cells during diploid stage of
developmental life cycle (germ layers)
Phylogeny of the Animal Kingdom
Vertebrates live
here, in the
phylum of
Chordates…but
not all Chordates
are vertebrates…
What is a chordate?
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1.
There are 4 morphological
structures that appear
during some point during
the animal’s lifetime:
Notochord – long flexible
tube in between digestive
tube and the nerve cord
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Dorsal nerve cord
2.
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3.
4.
becomes gelatinous
material between vertebrae
in humans
becomes CNS in humans
Pharyngeal slits (gill slits)
Muscular post-anal tail –
most chordates have a tail
that extends beyond the
anus
Survey of Vertebrate Classes
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Fishes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes,
Osteichthyes
Tetrapods: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves,
Mammalia
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Amniotes: Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
Class Agnatha
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Sample organisms:
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Hagfishes, lampreys
Jawless vertebrates
Feed by sucking blood
after clamping onto
prey or by scavenging
Do not have paired
appendages or paired
fins
Cartilaginous Skeleton
Class Chondrichthyes
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Sample organisms:
sharks and rays
Cartilaginous fishes –
have relatively flexible
skeletons made of
cartilage rather than
bone
Most sharks are
carnivorous and have
acute senses
Have jaws
Class Osteichthyes
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Bony fishes
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Have hard skeletons (due to
ossification)
Sample organisms: perch, trout
Breathe by drawing water over 4-5
pairs of gills covered by
operculum (protective flap)
Most bony fishes are oviparous
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Females lays large numbers of
eggs, fertilization occurs externally
Class Osteichthyes
Class Amphibia
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The first vertebrates
(tetrapods) on land
Amphibians must deposit
their shell-less eggs in
water so they don’t dry out
Sample organisms: frogs &
salamanders
Amphibian = “two lives”
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Tadpole – larval stage
Metamorphosis occurs
Frog – legs develop
Salamanders – have tails
Frogs – do not have tails
Class Reptilia
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Sample organisms: lizards,
snakes, turtles, crocodiles
Reptiles have scales made of
keratin that cover their skin
Obtain oxygen with their lungs
Fertilization occurs internally
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Most reptiles lay amniotic eggs
on land
Ectotherms –
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body temperature fluctuates
with the environment
Class Aves
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Birds are tetrapods with
feathers
Their forelimbs are modified
as wings
Sample organisms: owl,
sparrow, penguin, eagles
Lay amniotic eggs
Endothermic – regulate
their own body temps.
Anatomy adapted for flight
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Form & function
Class Mammalia
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Mammals have hair
Endothermic
Mammary glands that produce milk
Most mammals are born, not hatched
Three major groups:
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Monotremes – lay eggs
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Marsupials – complete development
in a maternal pouch
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platypuses
Kangaroos, koalas, opossums
Placental mammals – complete
development within the uterus, joined
to the mother by the placenta
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Sheep, bats, elephants, humans