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Biology Fall Semester Exam Review 2012
Unit 1: Scientific method, characteristics of life
What are the characteristics of life (pg. 6) Cellular Organization, Reproduction,
Metabolism, Homeostasis, Heredity, Response to Environment, and
Growth/Development
Define the following terms:
Biology- the study of life
Observation- act of perceiving something using the senses
Hypothesis- statement that can be tested by experiment
dependent variable- variable that is measured in an experiment
independent variable- the factor that is changed in an experiment
control group- group that receives no experimental treatment
theory- a set of related hypotheses that have been tested and supported
many times
cell- smallest unit that can perform all of life processes
homeostasis- process of maintaining a constant, stable internal environment
reproduction- process of producing offspring
metabolism- sum of all chemical processes in an organism
Unit 2: Ecology
Define the following terms:
Ecology- study of the interaction of organisms with each other and their
environment
Population- organisms of the same species that live in the same area
Community- group of species that live in the same habitat and interact with
each other
Ecosystem- a community of organisms and their abiotic environment
Habitat- a place where an organism lives
Consumers- an organism that eats other organisms
Decomposers- organism that feeds by breaking down organic matter from
dead animals
Omnivores- organism that eats both plants and animals
Biomes- large region of land characterized by a specific climate
Study the food chain below:
Use the food web above to answer the following questions.
What are producers? List examples from the food web. Organisms that
produce their own food. (Ex: Plants)
What are herbivores? List examples from the food web. Organisms that
eat plants (Ex: rabbits, squirrels, mice, seed-eating birds, herbivorous insects
What are carnivores? List example from the food web. An animal that
eats other animals (Ex: foxes, hawks, owls, snakes, toads, predaceous insects,
spiders and insectivorous birds)
Use the energy pyramid below to answer the following questions.
Where are the producers found? At the bottom of the pyramid
What is each level called? Trophic Level
Explain what happens to the number and kind of organisms as you go up
the pyramid? The number of animals decrease and you have CARNIVORES on
the top of the pyramid
How much energy is passed up in each level? 10% The remaining energy is lost
as HEAT
What is primary succession. The return of life to a lifeless region Give an
example VOLCANO, GLACIERS, FOREST FIRES
What is secondary succession? Bigger plants such as trees replacing smaller
plants.
Give two examples ABANDONED FIELDS, FOREST CLEARINGS
Define the following terms. Give an example of each.
Predation- Interaction in which a predator feeds on prey (Ex:
Hawk/Rabbit)
Parasitism- relationship in which a parasite benefits from a host while
harming the host (Ex: tapeworm/humans)
commensalism p364- relationship between two organisms in which
one benefits and the other is unaffected (Ex: clownfish/sea
anemone…NEMO)
mutualism p364- relationship where both species benefit (Ex:
sharks/remoras)
Organisms that are after the same resource are in competition
What are things a good habitat needs? FOOD, WATER, SHELTER, AND SPACE
What are abiotic factors? List two. Physical aspect of habitat…(rocks, air)
What are biotic factors? List two. Organisms in a habitat…(deer, wolves,
snakes)
Unit 3 Review: Biodiversity
Define the following terms
Adaptation- process of becoming adapted to an environment
Mutation- a change in the sequence of a gene or DNA molecule
Gradualism- model of evolution in which gradual change happens over a
long time period that leads to biodiversity
homologous structures- structures that share a common ancestry
Explain the following mechanisms for evolution (327-329)
Mutation- although slow moving, mutations can cause changes in animal
characteristics over time.
Natural selection- Natural selection affects EVOLUTION because
characteristics can increase or decrease based on the characteristics
effect on survivability and reproduction
Who was Charles Darwin? (276-278) English naturalist who developed THEORY
OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION
Describe Darwin’s observations regarding different species of finches on the
Galapagos Islands? He discovered that the FINCHES closely resembled South
American FINCHES and only changed after arriving on the GALAPAGOS
ISLANDS
Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection (what must occur? Pg 280)
1. Inherited variation exists in populations
2. Some individuals are better suited to survive
3. The individuals better suited to survive are more likely to reproduce and
pass the good traits on to the next generation
How do the following evidences of evolution explain how they support
change over time:
Fossils – how could you tell which species is the oldest by looking at layers of
fossils? The oldest species would be deeper underground
homologies
developmental-embryonic growth Scientists believe evolution can be
seen in the development of embryos. For example, all vertebrate embryos
have a tail.
molecular-amino acid sequence and data Closely related species share
a more similar amino acid/DNA sequence
anatomical-physical structure Although they evolve differently, groups of
animals (mammals) can share the same basic set of bones (Ex: bones in the
forearm and hands of humans or homologous to the bones in a bat’s wings or
a whale’s flipper)
biogeography New species can form when they become separated
geographically…(Ex: squirrels on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon vs.
squirrels on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon)
Use the amino acid sequence comparison chart:
Which species are most related? SPECIES B and C
Which species are least related? Species A & B OR A & C
Amino Acid #
Species A
Species B
1
Tyr
Asp
2
Tyr
Val
3
Tyr
Tyr
4
Asp
Asp
Species C
Val
Val
Tyr
Asp
Using the image below:
Which organisms have the most homologies? Rayfinned fish and mammals,
frogs and turtles, or crocodiles and birds? CROCODILES AND BIRDS
Taxonomy
What is taxonomy? The science of naming and classifying organisms
What is the advantage of our scientific naming system? Enables scientists from
across the world to communicate about a particular animal despite language
differences
How is a scientific name written? It is written in italics and the first name is
capitalized while the second name is lower case. (Ex: Homo sapiens)
Put into order from most general to most specific: DOMAIN, KINGDOM,
PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES
What are the 6 kingdoms? ANIMALS, PLANTS, FUNGI (MUSHROOMS), PROTIST,
EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA
What are the major characteristics of each kingdom? (Include: cell type, cell
structure, body type, nutrition) PAGE 417 TABLE
Unit 4: Building Blocks of Life
Biochemistry
What are the four kinds of macromolecules? PROTEINS, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS,
AND CARBOHYDRATES
What kind of macromolecule is sugar? CARBOHYDRATE
What are the two types of nucleic acids? DNA AND RNA
Enzymes
What is activation energy? Energy required to start chemical reaction
What is an enzyme? Protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being
destroyed itself
What TWO factors alter enzyme activity? Temperature and pH (Acidity of
environment)
Unit 5: Cells
Cells
Why are cells small? Small cells exchange substances more readily
What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Prokaryotes
lack a nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotes have organelles (LITTLE ORGANS) that
carry out different functions
Explain the function of the following cell structures:
Ribosomes- makes proteins (brickyard)
Golgi apparatus- sorts and packages materials to be sent out of cell
(post office)
Endoplasmic reticulum- assists in production and TRANSPORT of proteins
Cell membrane- phospholipid bi-layer that covers a cell and acts as a
barrier between the inside of the cell and the cell’s environment
Lysosomes- recycles materials inside the cell
Nucleus-membrane bound organelle that is the control center of the cell
Mitochondria- site of cellular respiration (POWERPLANT), produces ATP
Chloroplast- performs photosynthesis in plants and algae
Cell wall- rigid structure that surrounds and supports cell
Central Vacuole- large cavity in plants or protozoans that contain air or
water
Flagella- long hair-like structure that grows out of the cell and aids
movement
What organelles are only found in plant cells? CHLOROPHYLL, CELL WALL,
CENTRAL VACUOLE
What is an example of a prokaryotic cell? BACTERIA
Label the diagram:
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
2. Nucleus
3. Mitochondria
4. Cell Membrane
5. Golgi Bodies
Cell Transport
Compare and contrast the characteristics of passive and active transport?
Passive transport requires no energy and involves flow from high
concentrations to low concentrations
What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? Diffusion is the
movement of molecules from a higher concentration gradient to a lower
concentration gradient. Osmosis is the movement of water down it’s
concentration gradient.
What is facilitated diffusion? Process that allows materials to pass down their
concentration gradient through special transport proteins.
What is the difference between hypotonic/ hypertonic/ isotonic? A
HYPOTONIC solution is when there is a smaller amount of dissolved materials
outside of a cell it leads to water diffusing into the cell. A HYPERTONIC solution
is when there is a LARGER amount of dissolved materials outside of the cell, it
cause water to leave the cell and the cell to shrivel. A ISOTONIC solution is
when there is the same amount of dissolved materials on the inside and
outside of the cell.
What is endocytosis? Process of taking particles into a cell by surrounding it as
a port of the cell membrane.
What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis? PINOCYTOSIS
IS “Cell Drinking”…PHAGOCYTOSIS is “Cell Eating”
What is exocytosis? EXOCYTOSIS is a process in which cells release materials to
the outside of the cell by releasing vesicles through the cell membrane.
Unit 6: Photosynthesis, Chapter 5
Where does most of the energy Earth come from? The sun.
How do most autotrophs obtain energy? Photosynthesis
How do heterotrophs obtain energy? By eating.
What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate. It’s a molecule that serves as a
temporary store of energy that fuels metabolic reactions.
What happens during photosynthesis? Photosynthesis converts energy from
light along with water and carbon dioxide to create sugar and oxygen.
What is the equation for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis? Chlorophyll a
Why is chlorophyll green? Because it absorbs all wavelengths of sunlight
EXCEPT the color GREEN.