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Organs and Organ Systems Tissues are arranged into organs, which serve specific functions. The organs, are grouped into systems. A body organ is an independent part of the body that performs a specific function. Major Body Systems Body System Major Structures Major Functions Skeletal System Muscular System Cardiovascular System bones, joints, and cartilage muscles, fascia, and tendons, legaments heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood Lymphatic System lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes Immune System tonsils, spleen, thymus, skin, and specialized blood cells nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, and lungs Supports the body structures. Protects the internal organs. Forms some blood cells and stores minerals. Holds the body erect. Contracts to produce movement. Moves body fluids. Forms body heart. Blood circulates throughout the body and transports oxygen and nutrients to cells, and carries waste products to the kidneys where waste is removed by filtration. Removes and transports wastes from the fluid between the cells. Destroys harmful substances such as pathogens and cancer cells in the lymph nodes. Returns the filtered lymph to the bloodstream where it becomes plasma again. Defends the body against pathogens and allergens. Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Nervous System Special Senses Integumentary System Endocrine System Reproductive Systems mouth, esophagus, salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra nerves, brain, and spinal cord eyes and ears skin, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands adrenal glands, gonads, pancreas, parathyroids, pineal, pituitary, thymus, and thyroid Male: penis and testicles; Female: ovaries, uterus, and vagina Brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells. Removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body. Provides gas exchange Digests ingested food so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Eliminates solid waste. Filters blood to remove waste. Maintains the electrolyte and fluid balance within the body. Coordinates and controls body responses. Transmits electrical impulses throughout the body. Receive visual and auditory information, and transmit it to the brain. Protects the body against invasion by bacteria. Aids in regulating the body temperature and water content. Integrates all body functions. Produces new life. • The Circulatory System: The major organ is the heart, which functions with the help of blood vessels. The circulatory system’s major responsibility is blood transport of vital substances like oxygen throughout the body to the heart and other systems’ organs, including the liver, stomach, and brain. • The Digestive System: The major organs of this system are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestine, while the secondary organs are the liver, pancreas, salivary glands, and the gall bladder. The digestive system’s primary role is to turn substances coming into the body—such as through food and water—into fuel for its cells. This process is called metabolism, and is part of the larger, more comprehensive digestive process. • The Endocrine System: The primary organs of this system (more commonly called glands in the case of the endocrine system) are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal, pancreas, and sex glands. The endocrine system is one of the body’s two communication hubs, the other being the nervous system. In this system, the communication is carried out through hormones, which are chemicals that travel through the bloodstream that prompt stimulation and inhibition of nerve impulses. • The Integumentary System: Major organs are the skin and accessory organs, including hair and nail follicles. The primary job of this system is to protect the body, as well as detect changes that affect the body using its sensory receptors. • The Lymphatic System: The primary organs of this system are the bone marrow and thymus, while the secondary organs are the spleen, tonsils, adenoid, Peyer’s patches, and appendix. The lymphatic system’s job is to protect the body against toxins and other potentially harmful substances that can cause illness and disease. While not an organ, one of this system’s most important components are lymphocytes. These specialized cells detect organisms that might be harmful to the body and then prompt an immune response to drive them out of the body. • The Muscular System: Three types of muscles make up this system: the skeletal muscle, which helps the body to move; the smooth muscle, which is associated with the internal muscles; and cardiac, which works to help the heart to function. The movement of each of these muscles is determined by direction they receive from different areas of the body. Specifically, the autonomic nervous system controls the smooth and cardiac muscles and the central nervous system controls the central nervous system. The Nervous System: The primary organs of the nervous system are the brain and spinal cord. Through the nervous system’s two divisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), stimuli and other information is processed into the form of reaction and activity. In addition to the endocrine system, the nervous system is known as one of the body’s key communication centers. This communication is done through nerve impulses that travel through the body’s nerve fiber system. • The Reproductive System: The role of this system is to carry out the process of sexual reproduction, which is necessary to continue the human species that contains genetic information that determines a person’s physical characteristics, but also their resistance to certain mutations also ensures the future of the species. This system is unique because there are distinct sets of organs for females and males. In addition, there are internal and external organs in the male and female, with the internal organs located inside the body and external organs located outside the body. Some examples of the internal female reproductive system include the cervix, vagina, and fallopian tubes; external organs include the mammary glands or breasts. For males, internal organs include the ejaculatory ducts and urethra; external organs include the penis and testicles. • The Respiratory System: The primary organs are located in two areas: the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper tract contains the nose and nasal cavity (also known as the nasal passage), the pharynx (or throat), and the larynx (or voice box). The lower respiratory tract contains the trachea (windpipe), the bronchi, the alveoli, and the lungs. This system’s major responsibility is to control and regulate the breathing process, which involves moving air into and out of the lungs. • The Skeletal System: The main components of the skeletal system are the body’s 206 bones, as well as the tendons, ligaments, and joints that connect the bones to the muscles, controlling their movement. The skeletal system is similar to the integumentary system in that it plays a protective role. Like the skin, skeletal bones protect tissues and organs, as well as the other important internalorgans from the body’s other systems. • The Urinary System: This system’s primary organs are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The urinary system’s primary job is to rid the body of waste, through producing urine and other elimination processes. In addition, this system ensures that the body’s fluid system is balanced in terms of acidity. Body system organs function The Nervous System brain and spinal cord The Reproductive System there are distinct sets of organs for females and males. In addition, there are internal and external organs in the male and female, with the internal organs located inside the body and external organs located outside the body. The upper tract contains the nose and nasal cavity (also known as the nasal passage), the pharynx (or throat), and the larynx (or voice box). stimuli and other information is processed into the form of reaction and activity. In addition to the endocrine system, the nervous system is known as one of the body’s key communication centers. to carry out the process of sexual reproduction, which is necessary to continue the human species that contains genetic information, but also their resistance to certain mutations also ensures the future of the species. The Respiratory System - To control and regulate the breathing process, which involves moving air into and out of the lungs. - gas exchange The Skeletal System: The Urinary System The lower respiratory tract contains the trachea (windpipe), the bronchi, the alveoli, and the lungs. the body’s 206 bones, the - connecting the bones to the tendons, ligaments, and muscles, joints - controlling their movement. - protective role: skeletal bones protect tissues and organs. kidneys, ureters, bladder, - To excrete the body wastes, and urethra producing urine and other elimination processes. - to balance the body’s fluid system in terms of acidity.