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National 5 Concepts. Tabla - Indian drums often used to accompany the SCOTTISH INSTRUMENTAL Bothy Ballad - An unaccompanied folk song, Instruments from north-east Scotland. It tells a story of rural or Bassoon – the lowest member of the woodwind Tuba - This instrument belongs to the brass family. family, played with a double reed. It is the largest and lowest member of the brass farming life. sitar. family. Celtic Rock – A fusion of Rock music and Celtic folk music. Bongo Drums - Fairly high-pitched drums, joined in pairs and usually played with fingers and Viola - This instrument belongs to the string family. palms. It is slightly bigger and lower in pitch than the violin. Castanets – A percussion instrument. Two STYLES Gaelic Psalms - Psalms (hymns) which were sung in Gaelic, unaccompanied. wooden shells held together with string and clicked Pibroch – Music for solo bagpipe in theme and Classical - This term refers to music composed together. variation form with grace notes. during the period 1750 to 1810 approximately. This French Horn – A member of the brass family and was the era of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven Waulking Song - A Scottish song sung in Gaelic is basically 4 metres of tubing curled around, with a by women while they waulked (worked) woollen bell on one end and a mouthpiece in the other. The Symphony – A large work for orchestra usually cloth to soften and shrink it. valves are played with the left hand. with four movements. In the Classical period the movements were normally fast, slow, minuet and Gaelic Psalm - Psalms (hymns) which were sung Hi Hat Cymbals – These belong to the in Gaelic, unaccompanied. The minister in the church percussion family and are part of a drum kit. Two leads the congregation in the singing. Heard mostly cymbals, one of the upside down played with sticks in the Western Isles of Scotland or a foot pedal. Scottish Instruments. Oboe - This instrument belongs to the woodwind Bodhran – an Irish hand held wooden drum family. It uses a double reed. played with a beater, often used in folk music. Piccolo - A half-size flute which plays an octave Clarsach - A small Scottish harp, used in folk higher than the standard flute. music. Sitar - A plucked, stringed instrument from India. It's basically an Indian guitar. D:\874019602.doc Page 1 of 4 trio, fast National 5 Concepts. Types of Voice METHODS/EFFECTS VOCAL Arco - Instruction given to string players to use a Styles bow. A capella - Unaccompanied choral singing Col Legno - Instruction given to string players to turn the bow over and bounce the wood on the strings. Con Sordino - Using a mute changes the sound normally produced on an instrument. Baritone - A male voice whose range lies between that of bass and tenor range lies between that of a soprano and an alto. Aria - A solo song sung in an operatic style, in an opera, oratorio or cantata, with orchestral accompaniment WORLD MUSIC Chorus – 1; A group of singers with several people Instruments to each part. Bongo Drums - Fairly high-pitched drums, 2; The music written for these singers. Flutter Tonging - Rolling your 'r's whilst 3; The refrain between verses of a song playing a brass or woodwind instrument. joined in pairs and usually played with fingers and palms, although occasionally composers write music for them which requires sticks or beaters Descant Glissando - Sliding from one note to another, Mezzo Soprano - A female singer whose voice A counter melody which accompanies and is sung above the main melody taking in all the notes in between where possible. Castanets - A percussion instrument popular in Spanish music. It consists of two shells, traditionally Gospel - Music written with religious lyrics, often made of wood, joined with string and clicked Pitch Bend - Changing the pitch of a note, for in praise or thanksgiving to God. Gospel has its together. Castanets are often used by Flamenco example by pushing a guitar string upwards. origins in Afro-American culture dancers, and sometimes they will have castanets in each hand Pizzicato - (Abbreviation pizz.) An instruction Melismatic - Several notes sung to one syllable. given to string players to pluck the strings instead of Compare syllabic Sitar - A plucked, stringed instrument from India. using the bow. It's basically an Indian guitar – easy to remember Syllabic - Vocal music where each syllable is given Roll - A very fast repetition of a note on a one note only. Compare melismatic Tabla - Indian drums often used to accompany the percussion instrument, eg on a snare drum or timpani. because sitar rhymes with guitar Strophic - A song which has the same music sitar. repeated for verses/choruses, therefore the music will Reverb - An electronic effect which can give the be heard repeating throughout the song impression of different hall acoustics. Styles Indian Music - Music from India which uses instruments such as the sitar and tabla. D:\874019602.doc Page 2 of 4 National 5 Concepts. 20th CENTURY STRUCTURE / FORM Atonal - Atonal music has no feeling of key, major AB or Binary - or minor. It is very dissonant, and it will lack a 'nice' sections: A then B. These sections may be repeated Cluster - A term used to describe a group of notes, melodic lines, possibly of equal importance, which weave independently of each other. Polyphonic is (A) keeps returning, in between different sections – B, C similar in meaning to contrapuntal etc Coda - A passage at the end of a piece of music which Chord Progressions - Different progressions Impressionism - A term borrowed from using the chords built on the first, fourth, fifth and sixth painting in which brief musical ideas merge and notes of a major or minor scale change to create a rather blurred, hazy and vague style. Whole Tone scales are a feature of this type of music. rounds it off effectively Contrary Motion - Two parts move in opposite directions, eg as one part ascends the other part Alberti Bass - Broken chords played by the left descends hand outlining harmonies whilst the right hand plays the melody. Classical composers such as Haydn and Mozart used this technique extensively in their piano Minimalism - A development in the second half music. The chord is played in the order: low - high - of the 20th century based on simple rhythmic and middle – high Cross Rhythm - Term used to describe the effect of two notes being played against three (eg in piano music it might be groups of two quavers in the right hand and groups of triplets in the left).The term is also melodic figures which are constantly repeated with very slight changes each time Polyphonic - Texture which consists of two or more Rondo - A B A C A….. A form where the first section which clash, played together outline. Debussy was an important composer of this main melody Two-part form - music in two melody and accompaniment. Atonal music is a feature of some 20th-century music Counter Melody - A melody played against the used to describe the effect that occurs when the accents Walking Bass - A bass line (low notes) often in a piece of music are different from those suggested featured by the time signature (eg the division of 4/4 time into in a variety of jazz styles. It goes for a walk, up and 3+3+2 quavers) down a pattern of notes, and is often played on a double bass. Homophonic - Texture where you hear melody with accompaniment or where all the parts play a Ground Bass - A theme in the bass which is similar rhythm at the same time repeated many times while the other parts are varied Inverted Pedal - A note which is held on or Contrapuntal - Texture in which each of two or repeated continuously at a high pitch. Opposite in pitch more parts has independent melodic interest; similar in to pedal meaning to polyphonic D:\874019602.doc Page 3 of 4 National 5 Concepts. Tempo, Dynamics, Rhythm and Note groupings Moderato - A medium tempo (speed), approximately 108-120 beats per minute Ritardando - The music slows down Rubato - Translates as 'robbed time' which means the music will speed up and slow down in order to allow for expression, therefore there will not be a strict tempo maintained. Dynamics Imperfect Cadence - A cadence consists of two Fortissimo - Fortissimo (ff) stands for very loud chords at the end of a phrase. In an imperfect cadence the last chord is chord V (the dominant) creating an volume Pianissimo -Very soft. Abbreviation pp Sforzando – sfz A note played with a forced sudden accent. unfinished effect. In the key of C the second chord of an imperfect cadence would be the chord of G Modulation - A change of key Perfect Cadence - A cadence consists of two chords Notes Accidental - A sign added to a note to change the at the end of a phrase. A perfect cadence is the dominant to tonic chords (V-I). In the key of C major, chords G-C. pitch. Cadence - The end of a musical phrase. Semitone - Half a tone, eg G to Ab on a keyboard. From one fret to another on a guitar. Rhythms Compound Time Groupings - The beat is a Chromatic - Notes which move by the interval of a Tierce de Picardie - When a piece of music which is dotted note which divides into three, eg 6/8 = two dotted semitone in a minor key has a major chord as its last chord. Contary Motion – Two parts move in opposite Tone - The distance between two notes, equivalent to directions, eg as one part ascends the other part descends. two semitones (for example, two frets on a guitar. two notes being played against The term is also used to Dotted Crotchet - A note that last for 1½ beats. A Trill - Moving quickly and repeatedly between two describe the effect that occurs when the accents in a piece dot after a note increases its length by half of its original notes which are a step apart. A trill is played when the of music are different from those suggested by the time length. symbol tr is written above a note. crotchet beats in a bar and each beat can be divided into three quavers Cross Rhythms - Term used to describe the effect of signature (eg the division of 4/4 time into 3+3+2 quavers) Scotch Snap – A short note followed by a long note. As hear in a Strathspey. Dotted Quaver - A note that lasts for ¾ of a beat. A dot after a note increases the length of the note by half of its original length, so without the dot this note lasts for ½ beat, adding the dot means it is ½ + ¼ = ¾ beats. Triplets - Squeezing three notes into the space where there are normally two. Grace Note - A type of ornament played as a quick, crushed note before the main note of a melody. D:\874019602.doc Page 4 of 4 Whole Tone Scale - A scale containing no semitones but built entirely on whole tones. Debussy used the whole-tone scale in some of his pieces which were influenced by Impressionism.