Download Chemistry Final Exam Review 2006-2007

Standard Chemistry Final Exam Review 2012-2013
2nd Semester
The exam will cover vocabulary, concepts and calculations from the entire semester.
Below are the units for the 2nd half of the semester. If you complete each chapter’s
review in its entirety, I will replace one of your exams with the score you earn from this
review. (155 points)
Your exam date is June 1st.
Unit 7: CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Define these terms: (9 points)
Single replacement reaction
Combination reaction
Decomposition reaction
Precipitate
Reactants
Products
Coefficient
Chemical equation
Balanced chemical equation
Double replacement reaction
Diatomic molecule
Catalyst
Yield sign
Activity series
Law of conservation of mass
Subscript
Combustion reaction
Aqueous
(22 points)
1. What are the 5 types of chemical reactions?
2. Know how to identify the different types of chemical reactions.
Examples:
a) FeCl3 + NaOH → Fe(OH)3 + NaCl
b) Al + O2 → Al2O3
c) C2H2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
d) Na + H2O → NaOH + H2
e) KClO3 → KCl + O2
3. Know how to balance equations.
Example:
a) __ FeCl3 + __ NaOH → __ Fe(OH)3 + __ NaCl
b) __ Al + __ O2 → __ Al2O3
c) __ C2H2 + __ O2 → __ CO2 + __ H2O
d) __ Na + __ H2O → __ NaOH + __ H2
e) __ KClO3 → __ KCl + __ O2
4. Know how to predict products as in the problems below.
Example:
a) Al + N2 →
b) H2O →
c) Ca + H2O →
d) Cl2 + NaBr →
e) FeS + HCl →
5. What is an activity series chart? What type of reaction do you use it for?
a) Using the activity chart, why can sodium replace hydrogen?
6. What are 5 indicators/observations of a chemical reaction?
7. List the chemical formulas for the 7 diatomic molecules.
8. Know how to translate chemical equations and balance them appropriately.
Example:
a) ammonium chloride reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium chloride and
nitrogen trihydride (ammonia) and water
b) sodium oxide and water yield sodium hydroxide
Unit 8: STOICHIOMETRY
Know these terms: (.5)
Mole ratio
(6 points)
1. What do the coefficients mean in a chemical equation?
2. Know how to calculate the mole ratio between reactants and products in a
chemical formula.
a) What is the mole ratio for calcium and oxygen in 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO
3. Know how to solve mole to mole, mole to mass, mass to mole, mass to mass
problems.
a) How many moles of lithium hydroxide are required to react with 20. mol of
carbon dioxide? CO2 + 2LiOH → Li2CO3 + H2O
b) What mass, in grams, of glucose is produces when 3.00 mol of water react with
carbon dioxide? 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
c) How many moles of NO are formed when 824 g of ammonia reacts with an
excess of oxygen? (balance the equation first) NH3 + O2 → NO + H2O
d) How many grams of SnF2 are produced from the reaction of 30.0 g HF with Sn?
Sn + 2HF → SnF2 + H2
Unit 9: GASES
Know these terms (5.5)
Ideal gas law
molar volume
Partial pressure
elastic collision
directly proportional
STP
Dalton’s law
law of combining volumes
inversely proportional
Ideal gas constant
kinetic molecular theory
(19 points)
1. Know the 5 assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory.
2. Know the difference between an ideal gas and a real gas.
3. Explain a gas based on the following properties: density, compressibility,
diffusion, effusion, fluidity, shape , IMF, particle arrangement, and volume
expansion.
4. Define pressure. What are some common pressure units?
5. Know how to convert pressure units:
a) convert .200 atm to mmHg
b)
c)
6.
7.
convert 345.8 kPa to atm
convert 760 mmHg to kPa
What is standard temperature and standard pressure?
Know how to solve problems using Boyle’s law, Charles law, Gay-Lussac,
Combined, Ideal, Density and Molar mass using the Ideal gas law and Dalton’s
law of partial pressure.
a) A gas occupies a volume of 200. ml at 100. mmHg. What volume will the gas
occupy at 300. mmHg?
b) Air has a total pressure of 20.6 atm and contains carbon monoxide, oxygen, and
nitrogen. If air is made up of 0.6 atm of carbon monoxide, 12.6 atm of oxygen,
what would be the partial pressure of nitrogen?
c) If a sample of gas occupies 15.9 L at 34 C, what will its volume be at 27 C if the
pressure does not change?
d) The volume of a sample of oxygen gas is 300.0 ml when the pressure is 1.00 atm
and the temperature is 27.0 C. At what temperature would the volume change to
1.00 L and the pressure change to 0.500 atm?
e) A sample of gas at 25.0 C has a volume of 11.0 L and exerts a pressure of
660.0 mmHg. How many moles of gas are in the sample?
f) A sample of gas in a closed container at a temperature of 100. C and a pressure of
3.0 atm is heated to 300. C. What pressure does the gas exert at the higher
temperature?
8. Use the law of combining volumes, Avogadro’s law, and molar volume to solve
these problems.
a) 3O2 → 2O3 Both gases are measured at the same temperature and pressure. How
many liters of O2 are required to make 24 L of O3 ?
b) How many liters of O3 are formed from 12 mol of O2 at STP?
11. Know these answers:
a) As the temperature of a gas decreases, the volume of a gas will ____________.
b) As the temperature of a gas decreases, the pressure of the gas will ____________.
c) As the volume of the gas decreases, the pressure of the gas will ____________.
Unit 10: THERMOCHEMISTRY/SOLIDS & LIQUIDS
Know these terms(9 points)
Vaporization
Condensation
Evaporation
Melting point
Freezing point
Sublimation
Triple point
Melting
Freezing
Deposition
Phase Diagram
Boiling
Endothermic reaction
Exothermic reaction
Heating &Cooling Curve
Specific heat capacity
temperature
heat
(13 points)
1. State the 6 phase changes of state and which ones work in opposition to
each other. i.e. sublimation and deposition
2. Explain how a solid melts into a liquid using kinetic energy in your
explanation.
3. What 2 temperatures measure the same amount during a phase change of a
liquid pure solvent to a solid?
4. Know how to read phase diagrams. Sketch a quick diagram locating the
triple point, critical point, the melting point /freezing point line and the
boiling point/condensation point line. Also label the 3 sections as solid ,
liquid, and gas.
5. Know how to read a heating and cooling curve. What do the plateaus tells
you? What do the slopes tell you? Where is the KE of the substance
constant?
6. Sketch an endothermic reaction graph, labeling the reactants, products,
activation energy, activated complex, and the heat of reaction.
7. What is the sign of an endothermic reaction and exothermic reaction?
8. Using the specific heat values for water and iron, which one would have
the largest temperature change if they have the same mass?
9. Know how to calculate the heat released or absorbed during a physical
change.
a. Calculate the heat absorbed when 15.0 g of ice melts to liquid.
See reference sheet for Hfus
b. Calculate the heat released when 75.4 g of vapor condenses into
liquid. See reference sheet for Hvap
10. Know how to calculate the heat released or absorbed in a chemical
reaction?
a) What is the specific heat of a metal that releases 2500 J of energy. The
metal has a mass of 25 g and had a temperature change of 5C.
b) How much heat is released when iron is dropped in a beaker of water.
The mass of the metal was 43 g and the initial temperature of the metal
was 78 C. The water temperature changed from 25 C to 32 C. The
specific heat of the metal is .45J/gC.
c) What is the amount of heat absorbed by water if 23.4 g of water is
heated from 34C to 78 C. See reference sheet for specific heat of
water.
Unit 11 : KINETICS & EQUILIBRIUM
Know these terms (3 pts)
Rate
Activation energy
Collision theory
Activated complex
Transition state
Catalyst
(18 points)
1. Explain the three criteria of the collision theory.
2. On the pathway below, label the activated complex, activation energy with
catalyst, and activation energy without catalyst
3 What are the five factors that affect the rate of a reaction?
4. Which of the five factors change collision frequency?
5 Which factor changes collision frequency and the energy of the collisions?
6. How does rate change if you increase the concentration of the reactants?
7. How does rate change if you increase the surface area?
8. How does rate change if you decrease the temperature?
9. How does rate change if you add a catalyst?
10. Write the equilibrium expression for the following reaction.
a) H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) + heat
11. In the process of chemical equilibrium, what stays constant at equilibrium?
12. In the process of equilibrium, are the rates equal to each other?
13 Using the reaction above, answer the following questions regarding Le Chatelier’s
principle.
a) Which direction does the reaction shift if temperature increases?
b) Which direction does the reaction shift if hydrogen gas is increased?
c) Which direction does the reaction shift if HCl is removed?
d) Which direction does the reaction shift if the volume is decreased?
e) Which direction doe the reaction shift if temperature is decreased?
14. If K = .00045, what side of the reaction will be favored?
Unit 12: SOLUTIONS
Know these terms:(8 pts)
Solution
insoluble
electrolytes (strong and weak)
solvent
unsaturated solution
molarity
solute
miscible
non-electrolytes
supersaturated solution
saturated solution
soluble
immiscible
solubility
aqueous solution
Henry’s law
(13 points)
Know the following:
1. Explain the like dissolves like rule and give an example following the rule.
2. Name 3 factors that increase the rate of dissolution of a substance.
3. Describe solution equilibrium.
4. Name substances that are considered electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
5. What is the effect of temperature and pressure on gas solubility?
6. What is the effect of temperature on the solubility for most ionic solids?
7. Know how to calculate molarity
a) What is the molarity of 4.5 moles of Ba(OH)2 in 10.0 L?
b) A solution has a molarity of 2.8 M and a volume of 250 ml. How many moles
of solute are in the solution?
8. Know how to read a solubility graphs.
a. Using the solubility graph from the notes, how much of NaCl can
be dissolved at 45C
b. Using the solubility graph from the notes, 50 g of KClO3 is
dissolved in 100 g of water at 45C. Is the solution saturated or
unsaturated?
9. Know how to solve dilution problems.
a) How many ml of a 2.0 M NaBr solution are needed to make 200 ml of a 0.50 M
solution?
10. Which types of substances produce electrolytes?
11. Which type of substances produce non electrolytes?
UNIT 13: ACIDS & BASES
Know these terms: (6 pts)
Arrhenius acid
Arrhenius base
Bronsted-Lowry base
pH
Conjugate base
hydroxide ion
neutralization
titration
Bronsted-Lowry acid
conjugate acid
hydronium ion
equivalence point
(23 points)
1. List some common properties of an acid.
2. List some common properties of a base.
3. Define self-ionization of water.
4. Know how to predict the products and balance neutralization (double replacement)
reactions.
a) H2CO3 + Fe(OH)3 →
5. Know how to calculate the pH from hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations
a) What is the pH of a [OH-] = 1 x 10-5 M?
b) What is the pH of a [H+] = 1 x 10-5 M?
c) What is the pOH of a [H+] = 1 x 10-1 M?
d) What is the pOH of a [OH-] = 1 x 10-12 M?
6. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of 0.001 M HNO3? What is the [OH-]?
7. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of [OH-] = 3.0 x 10-2 M? What is the pH?
8. What is the pH of a solution if the [H+] = 3.4 x 10-5 M? What is the hydroxide
concentration?
9. Determine the pH of a 2.0 x 10-2 M Sr(OH)2?
10. The pH of a solution is measured and determined to be 7.52? What is the hydrogen
ion concentration? Is the solution acidic or basic?
11. Know how to look at an equation and predict Bronsted-Lowery acids and bases
and conjugate acids and conjugate bases.
a) NH4+ + H2O → NH3 + H3O+
What is the base? What is the conjugate base? What is the acid? What is the
conjugate acid?
12. What are the products of neutralization?
13. Know how to name acids and bases
a) HF
b) H2SO4
c) NaOH
d) HNO2
e) Fe(OH)2
14. In a titration, how much of .15 M NaOH is needed to neutralize 20 ml of .500M
HCl solution? HCl + NaOH  H2O + NaCl
15. In a titration, what is the molarity of HNO3 if 25 ml of it neutralized 15 ml of
.60M Ca(OH)2
2 HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  2 H2O + Ca(NO3)2
16. What is the difference between end point and equivalence point?