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Classical Greece and Alexander the Great
I.
Early Greece
A. Main Idea
1. The earliest cultures in Greece, the ___________ (3,000 – 1200
BC) and the Mycenaeans (first “_________”; end of 1100s BC),
were trading societies, but both disappeared and were replaced by
Greek _______________.
B. Greek City-States
1. A new type of society emerged in Greece in the 800s BC. The society
was centered on the __________, or city-state. Each polis
developed ____________________, with its own form of
government, laws and customs.
2. Polis, center of daily life, __________; Greeks fiercely loyal to their
polis.
3. Polis built around high area, called ______________ - used as
fortification and included temples, ceremonial spaces. _______,
public marketplace, below.
4. Shops, houses, temples, gymnasium, athletes’ training grounds, public
bath, and sturdy wall for defense.
C. Political Systems of Greek City-States
1. Each major polis had a different political system that developed
over time.
2. Corinth, an ______________, ruled by a few individuals.
3. Athens, birthplace of ______________.
4. _________, one of mightiest city-states, but least typical – military
state with ______________ council.
D. Athenian Government
1. World’s first ______________ – a form of government run by the
_________.
2. Not always a democracy – long struggle between the _________
and the non-aristocracy, many worked to establish balance.
3. Most governing done by ________________ - some elected
officials had special roles.
4. Among elected officials, ________________ who led city in war another elected official, the _____________ - acted as head of both
assembly, Council of _______.
5. Only ______ of total population could participate - ______ male
Athenians over age 20 who had completed military training allowed
to ______.
6. Athenian democracy consisted of three main bodies— ________,
___________________, _________ – __________ democracy.
E. Sparta
1. ______________: Slaves given to Spartan citizens to work on farms
so citizens did not have to perform manual labor – train for
________.
2. Emphasis on war not due to fondness for fighting - way to keep
_________ in society - helots outnumbered Spartans ___ to ___.
II.
3. Examination of ____________; boys: ______________ school at
age 7; At 20 boys became ________________, foot soldiers;
remained in army ______ years before becoming citizens.
4. Women trained in gymnastics for physical fitness, to bear strong
children; had right to own ________________.
5. Led by _______ kings - military commanders. Decision-making
was largely left to _______________ council of elders.
F. Gods and Heroes
1. Much of what is known about early Greece comes from studying
Greeks’ ______________, __________.
2. Myths, stories told to explain ______________ phenomena, events
of distant ________, where they came from, how they should live,
cope with uncertain world.
3. Greeks believed gods would protect them, city-states in exchange
for proper rituals, sacrifices – the 12 most important lived on Mount
______________.
4. Greeks also told myths about ___________, used to teach Greeks
where they came from, what kind of people they should be, etc.
5. Sacred locations: Delphi and ______________.
The Classical Age
A. Main Idea
1. The Classical Age of ancient Greece was marked by great
achievements, including the development of ______________
(Athens), and by ferocious wars.
B. The Persian Wars: Causes of Conflict
1. In the early _______ BC, the Greek city-states came into conflict
with the vast ____________ Empire, a larger, stronger opponent.
2. Roots of Persian Wars lay in region of ____________, in what is
now Turkey - Ionian city-states founded as __________ colonies,
fell under Persian rule, ________ BC.
3. Ionian Greeks unhappy with Persian rule - wanted independence _______________, 499 BC.
4. Ionian Greeks asked fellow Greeks for help - ____________ sent
aid, ships - Persians put down revolt - revolt made Persian emperor
_____________ angry enough to seek revenge - planned to punish
Ionians’ allies, especially Athens, by attacking Greek mainland.
C. First and Second Persian Invasions
1. ______ BC, Persians set out to fulfill Darius’s plans for revenge.
2. Fleet carrying tens of __________________ of Persian troops set
out for Greece - came ashore near town of _________________,
not far from Athens.
3. The Athenians were warned in advance and eventually defeated the
Persians – Marathon and _________.
4. Greek victory at Marathon ____________ both Greeks, Persians.
5. Persians humiliated, furious - Darius planned _______________
invasion, but died before invasion launched.
6. Son _______________ vowed revenge, continued to plan attack on
Greece. 480 BC, _______ years after first invasion, Xerxes set out
for Greece.
III.
7. Xerxes eventually __________________ due to the efforts of the
__________________ at _________________________ and his
navy was defeated by Athenian war ships.
The Golden Age of Athens
A. The Golden Age of Athens
1. As leaders in the Persian Wars, ______________ and _________
became the two most powerful, influential city-states in Greece.
After the wars, Athens entered a golden age as the ___________ of
Greek culture and politics.
2. After Persian Wars city-states banded together to defend each other,
punish Persia - largest, richest member was ___________.
3. ____________________________: Alliance’s treasury kept on
islands of Delos; Athens controlled ships, money; League grew in
members, power.
4. Some members resented Athenian _____________________ –
upset that substantial amount of money for rebuilding Athens came
from shared treasury of the League.
5. Members who tried to quit _________________ by league fleet,
forced back into alliance - League became Athenian _________.
B. The Peloponnesian War
1. As the leader of the Delian League, Athens was the richest,
mightiest __________ in Greece. Being rich and mighty brought
many powerful rivals, the greatest of which was _____________,
which wanted to end its dominance.
2. ___________ head of ___________________________ League,
allied city-states - formed 500s BC, to provide protection, security
for members.
3. ______________ built between Delian, Peloponnesian Leaguesmutual fear led to war between Athens, Sparta.
4. Athens feared ______________ might of another league - Sparta
feared loss of ______________.
5. 431 BC, the two declared war - lasted many years.
C. The Course of the War
1. Initially neither side gained much advantage - Sparta, allies
dominated __________; Athens, allies dominated _________.
2. Athenians avoided land battles; neither side won more than
____________ victories.
3. 430, 429 BC, ________________ struck Athens, changed course of
war. After plague, fighting heated up until _______________ in
421 BC.
4. 415 BC, war broke out again; _____________ took to sea as well as
land, destroyed Athenian fleet; Athens surrendered 404 BC.
5. Peloponnesian War almost destroyed ________________; Sparta
also exhausted by war.
D. Cycle of Warfare
1. After victory, Sparta’s army tried to act as Greece’s __________
power.
2. Sparta’s wealth, resources badly strained, power worn down Spartans could not keep control of Greece.
IV.
3. City-state of _____________ defeated Sparta, could not maintain
control either - struggle for power led to long cycle of ________
that left all Greece vulnerable to attack.
4. 340s BC, _____________________, Greek-speaking kingdom to
north, swept in, took control of all Greece.
Greek Achievements
A. Main Idea
1. The ancient Greeks made great achievements in _____________,
______________, art, and architecture that influenced the
development of later cultures and ideas.
B. Greek Philosophy
1. Despite condemnation of Socrates, the people of ancient Greece
were great believers in __________________ - philosophia,
meaning “the love of ______________.”
2. Earliest philosophy traced to 500s BC; reached height in ______
during 400s, 300s BC.
3. Socrates: first First great Athenian philosopher ______________ of
questioning; interested in __________ concepts of human life truth, justice, virtue.
4. Plato: The ______________: _________________ should be led by
philosophers, Founded the __________________ – school for
philosophers;
5. Aristotle: emphasis on ____________, __________;
“___________________________________.”
C. Greek Literature, History, and Drama
1. ______________ Epics: Iliad and the Odyssey - tell stories of
_______________ War.
2. __________: last year of war, two heroes—Achilles and Hector
_______________: story of heroes from the war, with Odysseus
who was forced to wander the sea - became basis for the Greek
_________________ system.
3. Created ___________ poetry: lyric poems do not tell _________,
but deal with emotions, desires. _______________ (woman): daily
life, marriage, love. Pindar: poems commemorated public events,
like __________________ Games.
4. Greek authors wrote about and analyzed own past – Herodotus,
Thucydides (______________ sources), and Xenophon.
5. Greek Drama – Athenian roots; two kinds ______________ and
______________.
6. ___________________: Focused on hardships faced by Greek
heroes. ________________: many comedies were satires, plays
written to expose flaws of society.
D. Greek Architecture and Art
1. Athenians wanted their city to be most beautiful in Greece - built
magnificent temples, theatres, public buildings. ______________
massive temple to _______________ - begun, 447 BC, took 14
years to build.
2. The Greek orders: ____________, ____________, __________.
V.
3. Particularly adept at ______________ human form; studied people
at rest, moving (lifelike, not ______________ copied by
______________).
4. __________________: few original works remain; scenes from
everyday life, or from myths, legends. Primary colors were red and
black.
Alexander the Great and His Legacy
A. Main Idea
1. Alexander the Great formed a huge empire, spread Greek culture
into __________ and many parts of _______, and paved the way for
a new civilization to develop in those areas.
B. Alexander the Great
1. ________________ rose to power and took control of Greece in the
years that followed the ____________________ War, 431-404 BC .
2. Philip II (Alexander’s ________) became king of Macedonia (359
BC), ________________ army, and conquered a weakened Greece
(except Sparta).
3. Philip II’s conquests might have continued, but he was
________________ (336 BC).
4. Title, plans for conquests fell to son, Alexander the Great
5. Alexander faced almost immediately with _________ in Greece.
6. Set out to reestablish __________ - used harsh measures to show
rebellion not tolerated
C. Empire Building
1. With Greece under control, Alexander decided to build empire; 334
BC, led army into Asia to take on _____________ - 1 year later ______________.
2. Moved south to Phoenicia, __________; welcomed as ________,
named new __________.
3. Destroyed Persian army near Gaugamela (Iraq); caused Emperor
___________ to flee - Alexander the ________ of Persian world.
4. Alexander not satisfied with size of Empire – moved through
________, ________ (at this point, ________ refused to go any
farther – Alex forced to turn back).
D. End of the Empire
1. Alexander’s empire ____________ world had ever seen; however,
in 323 BC, Alexander fell ill while in ____________. He died a
few days later at age ____ without naming ______.
2. ______________ fought each other for power.
3. Power struggle results in three kingdoms: ____________ became
king of Macedonia and Greece; Seleucus ruled ____________
Empire; ____________ ruled Egypt.
E. The Hellenistic World
1. By bringing together a number of diverse peoples in his empire,
Alexander helped create a new type of culture. It was no longer
purely Greek, or Hellenic, but ________________, or Greeklike.
2. Alexander made conscious effort to bring people, ________
together - appointed officials from various ____________ to help
rule.
3. Built dozens of new cities, encouraged ___________ settlers to
move into them.
3. _________________ Egypt: center for trade, culture, and _____.
F. Life in the Hellenistic World
1. Shift from Hellenic Greece to Hellenistic world brought drastic
changes to lives: how people were governed - _______________ no
longer main political unit, replaced by kingdom (__________, not
democracy).
2. Hellenistic women gained rights to receive education, own ____.
G. Hellenistic Achievements
1. Blending of _____________ brought significant changes exchange of ideas from different cultures - new advances in
_______________, literature and ___________.
2. Philosophy: _______________ - students rejected pleasure, wealth,
social responsibility, and live according to nature;
_______________ - to find pleasure, develop close friendships with
people who share similar ideas; _______________ - with emphasis
on reason, self-discipline, emotional control and personal morality.
H. Art and Literature
1. Hellenistic artists learned to convey _____________, movement in
works, especially sculpture; _____________ became much more
common as subject of art, literature.
2. ________ stories became popular form for first time; writings
focused on _____________ events in people’s everyday lives.
I. Science and Technology
1. _____________: geometry; _____________________ size of the
earth. Hellenistic scientists studied the movement of the ________;
the makeup and inner workings of the __________ body.
2. _____________________: math + physics = compound pulley,
mechanical screw.