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Chapter 18
The Civil War
PowerPoint Notes

Who’s election led to seven southern states seceding?
Abraham Lincoln

____South Carolina_____ was the first state to secede in __December 1860______
Confederacy
Total states:___11________
1860 – February, 1861
1. South Carolina
2. .Mississippi
3. .Florida
4. .Alabama
5. .Georgia
6. .Louisiana
7. .Texas
Joined the Confederacy after Fort Sumter
8. Virginia
9. Arkansas
10. North Carolina
11. Tennessee

_____West Virginia_________ broke away from Virginia in __1863___ to join
the Union
Union
Total states:__20_____
What are border states? Slave states that stayed part of the Union
1. West Virginia
West Virginia broke away from Virginia in ___1863_________ to join the
Union
2. Maryland
3. Delaware
4. Kentucky
5. Missouri
What was the opinion of both sides at the beginning of the war?
That it was going to be a quick war
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Two Sides
SOUTH
Feeling: they felt that they had the right to secede. The Declaration of
Independence said you had the right to abolish a government that was denying you your
rights
+ Superior military leadership and skills
+ fighting for their homeland
+ fighting a defensive war
Knew the territory much better
Friendly civilians
- few factories to produce weapons and supplies
- few railroads to move supplies and troops
- Confederate constitution favored states’ rights so making it difficult for the
Conf. to get things done
- small population
NORTH
Feeling: they said it was illegal to leave the Union. They knew the Union
would fall apart if it separated – the goal of the war was to save the Union
+ 70% of the nations railroad lines
+ HUGE industry, producing 90% of the nation’s manufactured goods
+ 3 times as many free citizens, so many more people to volunteer as aolsiers or
grow food
+ strong navy
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- Union soldiers had to conquer a large area to get the Confederacy back into to
the Union
- They were invading unfamiliar territory
- There supply lines stretched a long ways, leaving them open to attack
- weak military leadership
The Leaders

Jefferson Davis
o . President of the Confederate States of America
o Severed in _____Mexican War_________________
o Former _____Secretary of War___________________
o Respected for ____honor_____ and ___courage_________
o . did not like to turn over details of military planning so spent much time
arguing with advisers

Abraham Lincoln
o . President of the U.S. (Union)
o Did not have much experience in ____national politics___________ or
___military matters________, but proved to be a patient but
___strong_________ and a fine __war planner_____________
o . liked for his sense of humor
o Gained the ___respect_________ of those around him

General Robert E. Lee
o What state was he from?
Virginia
o Lincoln offered General Robert E. Lee the position of ___Commander of
the Union army_________________________
o Lee became __Commander of the Confederate
Army___________________________________
STRATEGIES
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Union

Confederacy
Sea
*
Navy will blockade the Confederate
ports cutting off trade with Europe

East
*
Counting on European
supplies and money
Capture Richmond, Virginia – the
capital of the Confederacy

They would fight a defensive
war until the Union soldiers
got tired of fighting
West
Capture the Mississippi River – so the
South can’t use it for transport and cutting
TX, LA and AR off from the rest of the
Confederacy
Battles
Bull Run
Date: July 21, 1861
Where: Virginia
Outcome: Confederate Victory
General Thomas Jackson received the nickname _Stonewall___________ because
he ____rallied the Confederate troops in the face of the Union army_______
What did the Battle of Bull run show both the North and South? (2 things)
- this would be a long and bloody fight
- showed the leaders on both sides that their troops needed training
Naval Action
 How much had the Union blockade affected the Southern ports trade?
Cut trade in Southern ports by 90%
 What plan did the Confederacy come up with to battle the Union navy?
Cover ships with iron
 What was the name of the Confederacy’s first ironclad ship?
CSS Virginia
 What was the name of the Union’s first ironclad ship?
USS Monitor
 Did the ironclad ships help the Confederacy break the Union blockade?
No
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
What was the lasting effect of the ironclad ships?
Changed naval warfare – ships were no longer made of wood
Battle of Antietam
Date: September 17, 1862
Where: Maryland

Why did Lee want to go to Maryland?
Win a battle on northern soil to lower Union morale


Lee’s plan was ____found out by the Union_______
What did General McClellan do with the information?
Did not act right away – waited 18 hours before responding

Outcome: Union Victory
Union casualties ____12,401_______________
Confederacy casualties ___10,318______________

More Americans __died on this day____ than on any other day, including
___D-Day______ and ___9/11______________
Change of Leader
What happened because General McClellan failed to act on his information about
Lee’s plans at Antietam?
Lincoln changed leaders to Burnside
Battle of Fredericksburg
Date: Dec. 1862
Where: Virginia
Outcome: Confederate victory

What happened to the city of Fredericksburg?
Reduced to charred remains
Battle of Chancellorsville
Date: April - May
Where: Virginia
Outcome: Confederate Victory
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
What big blow happened to the Confederate Army?
Stonewall Jackson was shot by friendly fire and died
War in the West

Who had been leading the Union in capturing the Mississippi river?
Ulysses S. Grant
In ___February 1862__________ General Ulysses S. Grant had captured forts
____Henry_________ and _Donelson_________ in Tennessee
Battle of Shiloh

Date: April 1862
What river was it located on?
Tennessee River
Outcome: Union victory
In ____April 1862____, Union gunboats managed to capture ___New
Orleans_______ and while other boats seized __Louisiana ____________
What did this mean for the war?
Union now captured both ends of the river, keeping the Confederacy from
using it as a supply line
Goals for the War Change

What was Abraham Lincoln’s goal for the war at the start?
To save the Union

Why did Lincoln have to use caution with the issue of slavery?
There were 4 slave states in the Union and did not want to risk losing them

How had Lincoln changed his beliefs by the mid-1862s?
He thought the only way to win the war was to free the slaves

On ___January 1, 1863_____ Lincoln issued the __Emancipation
Proclamation_
Where did Lincoln get his authority to free the slaves? (from video)
War powers
What did the Emancipation Proclamation state?
Declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of
America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863



Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not free any slaves at the
moment what was the effect of the document?
Changed the goal of the war
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African Americans in the Civil War

The __54th Massachusetts Regiment________ Regiment was the most famous
of the African American regiments.

Who helped to recruit soldiers to the 54th?
Frederick Douglass
On __July 18, 1863_________ they led an attack on __Fort
Wagner_____________, near _Charleston, SC__________


Outcome/Effects: Confederate victory but AA gained respect
Women in the War

Who is Clara Barton?
Established an agency to obtain and distribute supplies to wounded soldiers
later founded the American Red Cross
The Horrors of the War
New Technology
 The Civil War was America’s first ___modern war________ due to
the new technology
1. __Cone shaped bullets________________________
Effect:
Made rifles twice as accurate
2. ____Balloons____________________
Effect:
Used to observe the Confederate positions
3. __Ironclad ships____________________
Effect:
No longer using wooden ships
4. ___Ager’s Coffee Mill Gun_____________________
Effect:
Rapid fire weapon powered by a hand crank
5. ____land mines____________________
Effect:
The confederates buried shells a few inches below the ground and
set to explode when stepped upon or moved

The new technology meant that ___1/4________ of soldiers in most
battles became ____casualties _____________
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Medical Care
 Little was known about what _caused disease_____, how to stop it
from ___spreading____ or how to _cure it___________




What was a soldier’s chance of not surviving?
1 in 4
__3_____ out of __4__ operations were ___amputations______
What did bad sanitation lead to?
Diseases such as typhoid, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and dysentery
Twice as many men died of ___disease__ during the Civil War than
from _____battle________________.
Draft

What did Congress pass in 1863? Why?
Draft because the number of troops was decreasing

What happened because of the new draft law?
riots

How did Lincoln respond to the rioting?
Suspended habeas corpus
habeas corpus
literal meaning:
bring us the body
definition:
the right to be charged or have a trial before being thrown
in jail
 How did the Supreme Court rule on this issue?
Ruled it unconstitutional
Income Tax
What did Congress pass to help pay for the war? When?
Income tax 1861
Effects on the Economy
South
1.
The cost of the war as it escalated
North
1.
Greater need for food meant increased
farm production
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2.
2.
Loss of the cotton trade
3.
Demand for clothing, shoes, guns and
other goods helped industries
3.
Union blockade
Increased farm production meant
there was more need for new farm
machines which led to increased in
machine production
War in the West
 What two areas of the Mississippi had the Union already captured by 1863?
New Orleans and Memphis
 Why was Vicksburg, Mississippi necessary to gain control of the Mississippi
River?
Sat on high cliffs overlooking the river in the middle of the Mississippi
Battle of Vicksburg
Date: summer of 1863
Outcome: Union victory

What did this mean for the Union?
The Confederacy was now split into two parts with Texas, Louisiana and
Arkansas cut off from the rest of the states
Battle of Gettysburg
Date: July 1 – 3 1863
Where: Pennsylvania
Outcome: Union victory
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Why is this battle the turning point?
The Confederacy would not invade the North again
Lincoln gave his famous ___Gettysburg Address_________ on
____November 19, 1863________________
What happened “four score and seven years ago”? video
Declaration of Independence
What was Lincoln saying these men had lost their lives for? video
The idea of liberty
How long did Lincoln’s speech last? video
2 minutes
Change in Leadership and Plan of Attack
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
Who did Lincoln name as commander of the Union Army in 1864?
Ulysses S. Grant
What was Grant’s plan for winning the war?
Total war
Total War:
1. Destroying ___food, equipment, railroads, anything useful to the
enemy___
2. Making no distinction between __soldiers and civilians _____________,
both suffered the same
3. Choosing ___two generals____________ to lead

General ____Philip Sheridan____________________
Where was his focus?
Shenandoah Valley

Genera l ____William Sherman_____________________
Where was his focus?
Head to Atlanta, Georgia and then onto the Atlantic
Ocean
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sherman captured __Atlanta______ in __September 1864_____________.

What did Sherman do on his “March to the Sea”?
Destroyed everything useful to the Confederacy

What did the victory in Atlanta mean for the Union?
Helped Lincoln get reelected
Surrender

How long did Grant keep Lee under siege?
Nine months

When and where did the surrender take place?
Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia – April 9, 1865

What were the terms of the surrender?
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1. soldiers must turn in their rifles, but officers were allowed to keep their
pistols
2. soldiers that had horses could keep them, as they needed them for farm
work back home
3. all men could return to their homes without being disturbed by the U.S.
authorities
Outcome of the War
1. Politics
The balance of power shifted from the Democrats to the Republicans
2. Nationalism
The idea of seceding was dead; the power of the federal government grew
3. Slavery
The war put an end to slavery in the U.S. millions of African Americans
gained their freedom
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