Download 21 Endocrine Flashcards MtSAC

Endocrine System
1. What is the definition of a hormone?
Substances that are secreted by one group of cells that
affects the physiology of another group of cells
2. Compared to most other organs in the body, are
endocrine organs well vascularized?
3. Which gland is a major source of steroid
hormones in the body?
Yes
4. What part of that organ secretes the steroids?
adrenal cortex
5. Tumor of the pituitary gland can lead to what?
Blindness
6. Trauma to the pituitary gland can lead to what?
7. They pituitary gland is attached to the
hypothalamus by what structure?
Diabetes insipidus
The infundibulum
8.
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS is the anterior
pituitary. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS is the posterior
pituitary.
Growth Hormone(GH): Prolactin(PRL): Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone(TSH): Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone(ACTH): Melanocyte-stimulating
Hormone(MSH): Follicle-stimulating Hormone
(FSH): Luteninzing Hormone(LH)
Oxytocin: stimulates childbirth contractions
ADH: increases blood volume
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
9. What are the seven hormones secreted by the
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (Anterior Pituitary)
10. What two hormones are secreted by the
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (posterior pituitary)?
11. What are their functions?
12. What is known to stimulate lactation in females,
but its effects is male is not well understood?
13. What is essential for the formation of thyroxin?
Adrenal gland, cortex region
Prolactin
Iodine
14. What pituitary disorders are involved with
hypersecretion of GH in children, overall growth
Gigantism
15. What is the disorder when excess GH causes
just enlarged hands and feet?
Acromegaly
16. What disorder is hyposcretion of GH, resulting
in normal proportion of head and limbs; overall
size is small?
17. Where is ADH secreted?
18. What disorder is a result of not enough
ADH? (anti-diuretic hormone; a diuretic takes
out excess fluid from the body)
Pituitary dwarfism
Pituitary gland (posterior portion)
Diabetes insipidus
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19. What are the 2 hormones produced by the
Thyroid Gland?
20. What are their functions?
21. Where is vitamin D synthesized?
Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone increases metabolism
Calcitonin -lowers blood calcium levels in children,
slows osteoclasts to allow for bone deposition. It does
NOT increase intestinal calcium absorption.
Vitamin D is synthesized in the dermis
22. What problem with the thyroid is due to little
iodine in the diet?
Goiter
23. What disorder is caused by an autoimmune
disorder which leads to nervousness, weight
loss, sweating, and rapid heart rate?
Hyperthyroidism
24. What disorder decreases metabolism and causes
obesity?
25. What are the four functions of the Parathyroid
Glands (PTH)?
Hypothyroidism
26. Hormones produced by this organ stimulate the
production of T cells
27. What glands sit on top of each kidney?
28. Adrenal Cortex secretes what four steroids?
29. What are their functions?
30. Adrenal Medulla secretes which hormones?
31. Hypersecretion of cortisol and a round "moon"
face and "buffalo hump" are characteristic of
what disorder?
32. Hyposecretion of cortisol, increased blood
ACTH levels, low blood volume and pressure,
and increased skin pigmentation are
characteristics of what disorder?
NOTE: Blood glucose levels are normal or may
be low.
1) Increases blood concentration of Ca2+
2) Tells osteoclasts to release calcium from bone
(increases calcium resorption from bone).
3) Tells kidneys to decrease secretion of calcium
4) Activates vitamin D which increases calcium
uptake by intestines (increases intestinal
calcium absorption).
Thymus Gland
Adrenal gland
CORTISONE – reduces inflammation
CORTISOL helps the body cope with stress
ALDOSTERONE It causes kidney to reabsorb more
sodium; water follows with it, so the blood volume
increases, so blood pressure goes up.
SEX HORMONES for the opposite sex: Males
produce estrogen here, and females produce
testosterone.
EPINEPHRINE and norepinephrine
Cushing’s syndrome
Addison’s disease
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33.
34. What does the pineal gland secrete?
35. What is used as a landmark to identify other
brain structures in X-rays?
36. What cells make the pancreas an exocrine gland,
and what do they secrete?
melatonin- A hormone that regulates circadian
rhythms (sense of daytime and night; it regulates sleep
cycle)
Pineal sand
Exocrine: acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes into
a duct.
37. What cells make the pancreas an endocrine
gland, and what do they secrete?
Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin and
glucagon directly into the blood.
38. What signals the liver to release glucose from
glycogen and raises blood sugar?
Glucagon
39. What signals most body cells to take up glucose
from glycogen from the blood, promotes storage
of glucose as glycogen in the liver, and lowers
blood sugar?
40. When the pituitary gland does not secrete
antidiuretic hormone, or the kidney does not
respond to the hormone, what is the name of the
disorder?
41. What are the 2 types of Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin
42. Which type is insulin dependent because the
people do not make their own insulin?
43. Which one is initially treated with diet and
exercise?
44. What two hormones do the ovaries secrete?
45.
What is the primary sex organ in the
male? What does it secrete?
46. What is the only thing that does NOT make
hormones? Why?
47. What is glycogen?
DIABETES INSIPIDUS; can also be caused by
damage to the pituitary or kidney damage.
Type I diabetes (insulin dependent, develops in
children) is more serious. It is caused by destruction of
pancreatic islets by autoimmune disorders. They must
have insulin injections daily throughout life.
Type II diabetes is much more common, usually
appears after age 40, and is a consequence of obesity.
They produce insulin, but their cells are less sensitive
to the effects of insulin. It is initially treated with diet
and exercise, but if that fails, oral medicines or
injected insulin may be needed.
Progesterone and estrogen
TESTES, NOT penis
Secrete androgens (e.g. testosterone)
W
Epithelial duct cells (they are exocrine glands)
Because all exocrine glands secrete into a duct, and the
definition of a hormone is one that does not secrete
into a duct; it secretes into the blood, where it is
transported elsewhere in the body and has its effect
there.
The storage form of glucose. When glucose is in
excess, it is taken to the liver and converted into
glycogen, and stored there.
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48. When will glycogen be broken down?
When blood glucose is low
49. What does parathyroid hormone do?
Causes the intestines and kidneys to absorb more
calcium, and tells the osteoclasts to degrade bone to
increase blood calcium levels.
Pituitary gland releases TSH (thyroid stimulating
hormone)
50. When the hypothalamus (the boss) releases
TSH-RH, what happens to the pituitary gland
(the manager)?
51. What effect does that have?
TSH causes the thyroid gland (the worker) to secrete
TH (thyroid hormone)
52. In an under-secreting thyroid tumor will TH be
high or low?
Low
53. Will TSH-RH be high or low?
High
54. Will TSH level be high or low?
High
55. What might cause the above condition?
56. In an over-secreting thyroid tumor will TH be
high or low?
Goiter caused by iodine deficiency
High
Low
57. Will TSH-RH be high or low?
Low
58. Will TSH levels be high or low?
59. In an under-secreting pituitary tumor will TSH
be high or low?
Low
60. Will TH be high or low?
Low
61. Will TSH-RH be high or low
High
62.
High
In an over-secreting pituitary tumor will TSH
be high or low?
63.
Will TH be high or low?
High
64.
Will TSH-RH be high or low?
Low
65.
In an under-secreting hypothalamic tumor
will TSH-RH be high or low?
Low
66.
Will TSH be high or low?
Low
67.
Will TH be high or low?
Low
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68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
In an over-secreting hypothalamic tumor will
TSH-RH be high or low?
Will TSH be high or low?
Will TH be high or low?
What is the functional unit of the thyroid
gland?
What is Graves’ disease?
High
High
High
The thyroid follicle
Autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism.
There is increased TH, and decreased TSH-RH and
TSH
PTU (Propylthiouracil)
73.
What drug can be used for people who have
Graves’ disease?
74.
What would happen to TSH-RH, TSH, and
TH in the following conditions:
75.
Antibodies attacking thyroid gland, destroying
the gland
-TH low, TSH-RH and TSH high
76.
Antibodies binding to the TSH receptor,
stimulating it
- TH and TSH high, TSH-RH low
77.
Graves’ Disease
- TH high, TSH-RH and TSH low.
78.
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
- TH low, TSH-RH and TSH high.
79. When TH stimulates neurons a person feels
what?
Feels more alert, observing their environment with
more interest
80. Not enough TH?
They lose interest, become sluggish, hypoglycemia
They get muscles tremors and hyperglycemia
81. Too Much TH?
82. When blood sugar is high, what hormone is
released by the pancreas and what does it do?
83. What if there is more sugar in the blood than
the cells can use? Where does the excess sugar
go?
84. When blood glucose is low, what hormone is
released by the pancreas and what does it do?
85. Describe the process of Gluconeogenesis
Insulin is released, tells the cells to take in the sugar
from the bloodstream.
excess sugar is taken to the liver and converted to
glycogen for storage
Glucagon tells the liver to take the glycogen and break
it back down into glucose and release it into the
bloodstream.
The liver takes fatty acids (leftover from fat
metabolism) and joins them to amino acids (from
broken down proteins), and makes new glucose
molecules that you did not get from eating glucose.
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These new glucose molecules are then released into
the bloodstream to elevate blood glucose levels.
86. Blood glucose levels that are too high are
called?
Hyperglycemia
87. Low blood glucose is called what?
Hypoglycemia
88. During hyperglycemia, what hormone is
released?
89. What gland releases it?
90. What is its effect on the blood sugar levels?
91. During hypoglycemia, what hormone is
released?
92. What gland releases it?
93. What is its effect on the blood sugar levels?
94. What two processes raise blood sugar?
95.
Hyperthyroidism is most commonly caused by
what disease?
96.
What are the signs of Graves’ disease?
97. What causes Graves’ disease?
What effect does Graves’ disease have on TH levels?
On TSH? On TSH-RH?
98.
What 4 things can cause hypothyroidism?
99.
What is the medical term for a goiter?
Insulin
Pancreas
Lowers blood sugar
Glucagon
Pancreas
Raises blood sugar
Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (glycogen
breakdown). NOTE: glucagon is released during both
of these processes.
Graves’ Disease
Thin person with eyes that stick out like a bug
(exophthalmoses).
It is an autoimmune disease
Increased TH
Decreased TSH-RH and TSH
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune)
Iodine deficiency
Thyroid tumor, under-secreting
Defective thyroid enzyme(s)
Thyromegaly
100. What does idiopathic mean?
101. What does iatrogenic mean?
Idiopathic = unknown cause
Iatrogenic = medical treatment caused the condition
102. What is cretinism?
A baby with hypothyroidism because the mother had a
lack of iodine.
103. What is the mental status of cretinism?
104. If you give a cretinism baby a healthy diet, will
it improve? Why?
Mental retardation
No, because TH was not present during fetal
development, when myelination and synaptic
formation needed it.
Congenital Hypothyroidism
105. What condition is when a baby's thyroid gland is
not secreting enough thyroid hormone?
106. Is it a problem with the baby or the mother?
This is a problem with the baby, not the mother.
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107. What other hormone needs to be present for GH
to work?
TH
108. What is an autoimmune disorder where
antibodies attack and destroy the thyroid gland?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
109. What endocrine gland secretes catecholamines
(be specific)?
Adrenal medulla
110. What are catecholamines?
Hormones that are also neurotransmitters in the
sympathetic nervous system. They are what trigger
fight or flight responses.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
111. Name two catecholamines
112. What three things does the adrenal cortex
secrete?
113. What does cortisol do?
Aldosterone
Androgens/Estrogen
Cortisol
Stimulates fat and protein catabolism to use for
gluconeogenesis. It also increases glucose levels.
114. What hormone increases protein and fat
catabolism (breakdown) and increased blood
glucose levels?
115. What hormone increases protein synthesis, and
increases fat catabolism (breakdown) and
increased blood glucose levels?
116. Why might a person be prescribed cortisol
Cortisol
117. If a person is given high doses of cortisol, what
will his own (endogenous) levels of cortisol be,
and what would his ACTH-RH and ACTH
levels be?
Endogenous Cortisol (the cortisol that his body makes)
will be low. However, since they are given high levels
of artificial (exogenous) cortisol,
ACTH-RH will be low, and therefore,
ACTH will be low
Adrenal insufficiency (dehydration, low blood
glucose, low plasma volume, low blood pressure)
118. If the above person suddenly stopped taking his
cortisol, what might happen?
119. What part of the body does aldosterone target,
and what is its effect in that organ?
120. What is its effect on blood pressure?
121. What are Androgens?
122. What is the main steroid secreted by the adrenal
gland that makes the sex hormones?
Growth hormone
To suppress the immune system, in cases of
autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Kidney; increases the amount of salt and water
absorbed.
It increases blood pressure
Male sex-hormones (the hormones responsible for
male secondary sex characteristics, such as facial hair
and low voice).
The most well-known androgen is
Testosterone. It is a steroid hormone, like all the
adrenal cortex hormones.
DHEA
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123. What are two of the hormones that DHEA can
be converted into?
Testosterone or estrogen
124. What does hyper-secretion of androgens cause
in males?
No effect
125. What is the primary hormone responsible for
male characteristics?
Testosterone from the testes is the primary hormone
responsible for male characteristics
126. What does hyper-secretion of androgens cause
in females?
Masculinization – facial hair and low voice
127. What effect on female sex characteristics does
hyper-secretion of estrogen cause in females?
No effect
128. What is the primary hormone responsible for
female sex characteristics?
Estrogen in the ovaries (not the estrogen from the
adrenal glands)
129. What does hyper-secretion of estrogen cause in
males?
Feminization – breast development
130. Which gland in the endocrine system releases
cortisol?
Adrenal gland, in the adrenal cortex
131. What common situation causes an increased
demand for cortisol?
Stress
132. If the body cannot keep up with the demand for
cortisol, what will happen to the excess ACTH?
It will cause androgens to be secreted instead of
cortisol.
133. If excess androgens are made, what symptoms
result?
More masculine characteristics
134. What kinds of stress can cause excess cortisol
production?
emotional or physical (fighting an infection, fasting,
injury)
135. What is gluconeogenesis?
The process by which the liver makes new glucose
molecules that you did not get from food.
136. What two hormones may cause symptoms of
Cortisol and prednisone
diabetes (high blood and urine sugar) in a person
who does not have diabetes?
137. Why is prednisone prescribed?
It is a steroidal anti-inflammatory, which suppresses
the immune system. It is used for inflammation and
autoimmune diseases.
138. What naturally occurring hormone may be used Prednisone. In high doses, it suppresses smooth
in high doses as a medicine for asthma? How
muscle constriction in the walls of blood vessels, so
does it work?
their bronchioles cannot close up.
139. What are the side effects of taking prednisone?
Prednisone can make you hungry and make it hard to
sleep because brain is stimulated.
140. If a person abruptly stops taking prednisone
what will happen?
They will get low blood pressure and low blood sugar
141. What disorder has the same symptoms as a
person who abruptly stops taking prednisone?
Addison’s Disease
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142. What are two ways to prescribe prednisone?
143. Which of these ways is okay to stop abruptly?
High dose, short duration (okay to stop abruptly)
Low dose, long duration (must taper off)
144. What is Addisonian crisis?
Low blood pressure and low blood glucose, to the
point where it is a medical emergency
145. What parts of the body are affected by
Addison’s disease?
Hands, fingers, and gums
146. In Addison’s disease, what are the levels of
cortisol?
147. What are the levels of ACTH?
148. What are the levels of ACTH-RH?
149. When a person has hyperpigmentation, low
blood glucose, and low blood pressure, what
might you suspect?
150. When a person has hyperpigmentation, high
blood glucose, and high blood pressure, what
might you suspect?
151. What are the symptoms of Cushing’s disease
and Cushing’s syndrome?
Cortisol is low
ACTH and ACTH-RH are high
152. What is CAH?
153. What causes CAH?
Addison’s disease
Pituitary tumor secreting large amounts of ACTH
Buffalo hump, moon face, muscle loss, thin striated
skin, hyperglycemia, immune suppression. Females
get masculinization features (facial hair, thicker jaw
and skull)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In a female fetus
causes the clitoris to enlarge and the labia major fuse
into a scrotal sac.
Genetic problem, missing the enzyme to convert
cholesterol into anything except androgens.
154. Are boys affected by CAH?
155. What treatment is there for girls with CAH?
Boys are not affected
Girls need surgery and cortisol for life
156. What is growth hormone also known as?
Somatotropin
157. What does GH do?
GH stimulates all cells to increase fat catabolism
(breakdown), blood glucose levels, and protein
synthesis.
Gigantism
158. What is the result of excess GH during prepuberty?
159. What is the result of excess GH after growth
plates closed?
acromegaly
160. Which gland is most responsible for raising
blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid Glands
161. Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to chew
away bone, releasing the bones calcium into the
bloodstream?
162. What hormone has an action that is antagonistic
(opposite action) to parathyroid hormone, and
where is this antagonist produced?
Parathyroid Hormone
Calcitonin; produced in thyroid gland
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