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Ecosystem Ecology Ecosystem • All the organisms in a community plus abiotic factors – Transform energy & process matter • Ecosystems are self-sustaining – what is needed? capture energy transfer energy cycle nutrients Ecosystem inputs constant energy flows input of through energy nutrients cycle How does energy move through the ecosystem? biosphere inputs energy nutrients Energy flows through ecosystems sun secondary consumers (carnivores) primary consumers (herbivores) producers (plants) loss of energy loss of energy Primary Productivity • What is primary productivity? • What is GPP? • What is NPP? • How does the light/dark bottle method allow you to calculate primary productivity? 5 Limiting Factors What are some limiting Factors that can effect productivity? Light Nitrogen Phosphorous What is learned from this data? Food chains • Trophic levels –Why do food chains usually go up only 4 or 5 levels? –all levels connect to decomposers Level 4 Tertiary consumer top carnivore Level 3 Secondary consumer carnivore Level 2 Primary consumer heterotrophs herbivore Level 1 Producer autotrophs Decomposers Bacteria Fungi Inefficiency of energy transfer • Loss of energy between levels of food chain –Where is the energy that is not available to the next tropic level? 17% growth only this energy moves on to the next level in the food chain energy lost to daily living 33% cellular respiration 50% waste (feces) Ecological pyramid • Loss of energy between levels of food chain – can feed fewer animals in each level 1 100 100,000 1,000,000,000 Food webs • Food chains are linked together into food webs • Who eats whom? –a species may weave into web at more than one level • bears • humans –eating meat? –eating plants? Humans in food chains • What has more energy a pound of hamburger or a pound of peas? • What is the most efficient way for one person to eat? • What is the most efficient way for the human population to eat? Biological Magnification does WhyWhere do eggshells Let’s go to the video! the toxin become accumulate? Fragile? 13 Nutrients… nutrients cycle Matter cannot Don’t forget laws of or bethe created Physics! destroyed biosphere General Nutrient Cycle consumer consumer s consumer producer s nutrients nutrients ENTER FOOD CHAIN made available = made available to producers to producers Decomposition connects all trophic levels decomposer decomposer s abiotic abiotic reservoi reservor r geologic geologic processe processe s return to abiotic reservoir Carbon cycle CO2 in atmosphere Diffusion Respiration abiotic reservoir: CO2 in atmosphere Other reservoir Fossil fuels of fuels Combustion enter food chain: photosynthesis = Industry and home carbon fixation in Calvin Photosynthesis cycle recycle: decomposition return to abiotic: Plants respiration Animals combustion Dissolved CO2 Bicarbonates Photosynthesis Animals Plants and algae Carbonates in sediment Deposition of dead material Deposition of dead material Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) Nitrogen cycle Carnivores abiotic reservoir: N in atmosphere Local reservoir N in soil enter food chain: nitrogen fixation by soil & aquatic bacteria recycle: Herbivores decomposing & nitrifying bacteria return to abiotic: denitrifying bacteria Birds Plankton with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Atmospheric nitrogen Plants Death, excretion, feces Fish excretion Decomposing bacteria amino acids Ammonifying bacteria loss to deep sediments Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (plant roots) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (soil) Nitrifying bacteria soil nitrates Denitrifying bacteria abiotic reservoir: surface & atmospheric water enter food chain: precipitation & plant uptake recycle: Solar energy transpiration return to abiotic: Evaporationevaporation & runoff Water cycle Transpiration Water vapor Precipitation Oceans Runoff Lakes Percolation in soil Groundwater Aquifer Transpiration Phosphorus cycle Plants Land animals Soluble soil phosphate Loss in drainage Rocks and minerals Decomposers Phosphates (bacteria & fungi) in solution Animal tissue and feces abiotic reservoir: rocks, minerals, soil enter food chain: erosion releases soluble phosphate uptake by plants recycle: decomposing bacteria & fungi Animal tissue abiotic: Urinereturn andto feces loss to ocean sediment Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Aquatic animals Plants and algae Precipitates Loss to deep sediment Breaking the water cycle • Deforestation breaks the water cycle –groundwater is not transpired. Precipitation is not created. forest desert desertification Studying ecosystems • Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest 7800 acres 38 acre deforestation Effects of deforestation 40% increase in runoff loss of water 60x loss in nitrogen 10x loss in calcium loss into surface water Concentration of nitrate (mg/l ) 80 nitrate levels in runoff 40 loss out of ecosystem! 4 Deforestation Why is nitrogen so 2 Important? 0 1965 1966 1967 Year 1968 Rising CO2 Would this have happened without us? 24 Ozone Depletion What did we do this time? 25
