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Ms. Bates December 2011 I. 753-500 BCE Roman (Etruscan) Monarchy king senate assembly of clans (citizens) 12 tablets similarities to U.S. law II. 500-27 BCE Roman Republic A. government structure 2 consuls/executives, 1 senate, 2 assemblies (citizens); all ruled together 12 tablets benefits and drawbacks emergency provision B. Roman roads format Via Appia (Appian Way) stepping stones C. Arches versus post and lintel construction keystone D. 312 BCE onward – aqueducts "to lead water" angle uses 14 CE – Pont du Gard 1 E. Roman military 264-146 BCE – Three Punic Wars Carthaginians First Punic War 264-241 BCE ( 23 years) corvus outcome Second Punic War 218-201 BCE ( 17 years) Hannibal and Scipio elephants outcome Third Punic War ("Scipio's Revenge") 149-146 BCE ( 3 years) outcome for Carthage outcome for Rome Describe the Roman Republic after the Punic Wars: F. 59-44 BCE – Julius Caesar’s reign as consul/caesar (king) Julius's early achievements "Veni, vidi, vici." 59 BCE 50 BCE 49 BCE Crossing of the Rubicon triumvarate (3 rulers) and General Pompey Civil War 46 BCE Pietas Dignitas Gravitas 2 Julius Caesar's achievements Ides of March (March 15th), 44 BCE "Et tu, Bruté?" nine months later Julian Calendar III. 27 BCE-381 CE Roman Empire A. 27 BCE-14 CE – Caesar Augustus (Octavian) leads empire meaning of name Caesar Augustus Pax Romana (46 BCE-180 CE) commissions Aeneid by Virgil American manifest destiny B. Achievements during the Pax Romana 60 CE – Circus Maximus Juvenile: “People long for two things: bread and circus.” 79 CE – Flavian Ampitheater (a colosseum) concrete marble facade valarium columns other colosseums (Nimes, Arles, London) gladiators munera animals Bath Houses ±120 CE – Pantheon ("all the gods") oculus 3 Roman Forum basilica Basilica Maxentius and Basilica Constantine C. 200-300 CE Downward slide of the Roman Empire Revolts and civil wars Expanding borders Economic policy Tax policy Decline in population 284 CE Constantine moves center of empire eastward from Rome to Nicomedia (eastward); empire governed with two halves from this point on D. 313 CE – Edict of Milan (Constantine embraces Christianity; freedom of religion) Tertullian (200 CE): "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church." P and X 330 CE – Constantine moves the empire’s eastern capital to Constantinople; Milan and Ravenna are successively the capitols of the Western Empire 337 CE – Constantine declares Christianity the state religion 381 CE – Emperor Theodosius declares Christianity the sole religion IV. "Fall" of the Western Empire and Rise of the Eastern Empire A. 395 CE Emperor Theodosius dies and completely splits empire into East and West (gives to two sons) B. 400s CE in the Western Empire “Fall” of West to “barbarians” (Vandals from Africa, Ostrogoths from Italy, Angles and Saxons from Britain, Visigoths from Spain, Franks and Huns from Gaul and the Rhineland) Rise of Byzantine empire (Constantinople) in the east, which lasts another thousand years See map of Europe showing barbarian lands and Byzantium: Yellow 2nd ed. CI pages 154-155 Maps 6.3 and 6.4 or Blue 4th ed. CI page 191 QUESTION: What holds western Europe together after the “fall” of the Western Roman Empire? 4