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Pacing Guide AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study Course Description This senior level social studies course is taught as a college level course. The study of European history since 1450 is studied. The class introduces students to the social, political, religious, intellectual, technological, cultural, and economic developments that played a fundament role in the shaping of the western world we live in. The students will develop an understanding of the principle themes in modern European history, an ability to analyze historical evidence and historical interpretations, and the ability to express historical understandings in writing. In May, students will be given the opportunity to take the AP Test that could result in earned college credit. Prerequisite: Teacher recommendation Credit: 1 Credit/1 Year Pacing Guide AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (1 week) AP Standard: Evaluate the end of the Middle Ages with its multiple plagues of war, disease, invasion, and general decadence. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: pestilence and strife, the Hundred Years’ War, the decline of the church. CONCEPTS Causes of Hundred Years’ War. Causes of the Black Death. The struggle between politics and the papacy. VOCABULARY Social Political Intellectual Religion Technological Economic Cultural Black Death Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc Avignon Papacy John Wycliffe Jan Huss Estates General Holy Roman Empire Parliament PERFORMANCE SKILLS: ▪ Analyze the causes of the Hundred Years’ War and the relationship between the political, economic, and social factors in that conflict. ▪ Evaluate the dispute between Phillip IV and Pope Boniface VIII and explain how the Avignon Papacy came about. Pacing Guide TOPIC: (2 weeks) AP Standard: Trace the economic and political developments as well as the literature and arts that led to the Renaissance. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: economic revival, politics and new princes, society in the Renaissance, Humanism in N. Italy, and the changes in literature and art. CONCEPTS Discuss the Renaissance causes. Contrast the North and Italian Renaissance. The effects of famous literary and artistic figures. List the factors that led to the Voyages of Discovery. List the causes of European exploitation. VOCABULARY ▪ Renaissance ▪ Humanism ▪ The Northern Renaissance ▪ Cosimo De Medici ▪ Petrarch ▪ Civic Humanism ▪ Da Vinci ▪ Charles VIII ▪ Pope Julius II ▪ Treaty of Bologna ▪ Machiavelli ▪ Ferdinand and Isabella ▪ The War of the Roses ▪ The Printing Press ▪ Erasmus ▪ Age of Exploration ▪ Aztecs and Cortez ▪ Incas and Pizarro ▪ Conquistadors ▪ Hacienda ▪ Encomienda PERFORMANCE SKILLS: ▪ Differentiate and discuss the social, economic, and political conditions that paved the way for the reformation movement. ▪ Describe the types of goods imported into Europe during the 16th century and the effect it had on the European economy and culture. Pacing Guide AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (2 weeks) AP Standard: Summarize the Reformation and the development of the 16th century nationstate. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: The Lutheran Reformation, Calvinism and other movements, the CounterReformation, and the impact of the Jesuits. CONCEPTS Identify the problems in the church in the 15 century. State the goals of the CounterReformation. VOCABULARY ▪ Reformation ▪ Protestants ▪ Modern Devotion ▪ Indulgences ▪ Benefices ▪ Justification by Faith ▪ Martin Luther ▪ Charles V ▪ The Swiss Reformation ▪ Ulrich Zwingli ▪ Anabaptists ▪ John Calvin ▪ Calvinism ▪ The Diet of Augsburg ▪ The Peace of Augsburg ▪ The English Reformation ▪ Henry VIII ▪ Act of Supremacy ▪ The Counter-Reformation ▪ Ignatius of Loyola ▪ The Jesuits Council of Trent PERFORMANCE SKILLS: ▪ Compare and contrast the English Reformation and the Lutheran Reformation. ▪ Judge to what extent the Counter Reformation affected the society, politics, and culture of Europe. Pacing Guide AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (1 week) AP Standard: Analyze 16th century nation-states and the age of religious warfare. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: nation-states in the 16th century, and warfare. CONCEPTS Recall the events of the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. List characteristics of the politiques. Discuss the background of the Anglican Church. List causes of the Thirty Years’ War. Discuss the results of the Thirty Years’ War. VOCABULARY ▪ Politiques ▪ Hugenots ▪ Guises ▪ Catherine De Medici ▪ St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre ▪ Henry of Navarre ▪ Edict of Nantes ▪ Phillip II ▪ Cardinal Granvelle ▪ William of Orange ▪ Mary I ▪ Elizabeth I ▪ Presbyterians ▪ Congregationalists ▪ Mary Queen of Scots ▪ The Thirty Years’ War ▪ German Principalities ▪ The Treaty of Westphalia PERFORMANCE SKILL: ▪ Evaluate the effects the religious wars had on the mentality and attitude of many Europeans. Pacing Guide AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (1 week) AP Standard: Discuss the emergence of constitutional Monarchy in England in the 17th century CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: the policies of Stuart England, religious and political opposition, Oliver Cromwell, the Glorious Revolution, and William and Mary. CONCEPTS Know the conflict between parliament and the king over taxation. List the progress of parliament’s supremacy over the monarchy. Describe the products of the Glorious Revolution. VOCABULARY ▪ Parliamentary Monarchy ▪ Absolutism ▪ James I ▪ Puritans ▪ Charles I ▪ The Long Parliament ▪ Ship Money ▪ Cavaliers ▪ Roundheads ▪ Book of Common Prayer ▪ Oliver Cromwell ▪ Charles II ▪ James II ▪ Glorious Revolution PERFORMANCE SKILL: ▪ Analyze and discuss the extent to which the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution contributed to the rise of constitutionalism in England. Pacing Guide AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (1 week) AP Standard: Summarize the Age of absolute Monarchy in France in the 17th century. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: French absolutism, Henry IV., Sully, Louis XIII., and Richelieu. CONCEPTS Discuss the establishment of an absolute monarchy in France. List of the religious policies of Louis XIV. Describe the wars of Louis XIV. VOCABULARY ▪ Absolute monarchy ▪ Louis XIV ▪ Intendants ▪ Corvee ▪ Louis XIII ▪ Richelieu ▪ Fronde ▪ Divine Right ▪ Versailles ▪ Parliaments ▪ Mercantilism ▪ Jansenism ▪ Colbert ▪ The War of Devolution ▪ The League of Augsburg ▪ War of Spanish Succession PERFORMANCE SKILLS: ▪ Explain the concept of the divine right of kings. ▪ Summarize the positives and negatives of the reign of Louis XIV. Pacing Guide AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (2 weeks) AP Standard: examine the Scientific Revolution with new developments in political thought, economics, religion, and philosophy. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: the emphasis on natural science, new theories and discoveries, Newton’s theory of gravity, Bacon’s empiricism. CONCEPTS New theories and the emergence of the scientific world view. The philosophical foundations of modern thought. VOCABULARY ▪ Scientific Revolution * The Starry Messenger * Pensees ▪ Ptolemaic Systems ▪ Copernicus ▪ Tycho Brahe ▪ Johannes Kepler ▪ Galileo Galilei ▪ Isaac Newton ▪ Francis Bacon ▪ Empiricism ▪ Rene Descartes ▪ Rational Deduction ▪ Thomas Hobbes ▪ John Locke ▪ Blaise Pascal *Maria Winkelmann *William Harvey *Royal Academy of Sciences PERFORMANCE SKILL: ▪ “The scientific revolution was not a revolution in science, but rather was a revolution in thought.” Assess the validity of this statement using specific examples to support your answer. Pacing Guide AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (2 weeks) AP Standard: summarize the enlightenment mentality in politics, economics, and social thought throughout Europe in the 18th century. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: the role of the Philosophes, Voltaire’s critiques, and enlightened absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe. CONCEPTS VOCABULARY The intellectual and social background of the enlightenment. The philosophies agenda of intellectual and political reform. Central and eastern Europe’s enlightened monarchs. ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ The Philosophies Voltaire Encyclopedia Deism Tolerance Adam Smith David Hume Montesquieu Rousseau Enlightened Absolutism Frederick II of Prussia Joseph II of Austria Catherine II of Russia The Partition of Poland *Pietism * W.A. Mozart *J.S. Bach *Balthasar Neumann *Emile *Jean Calas *Tom Jones PERFORMANCE SKILLS: ▪ Analyze and discuss the extent in which humanism had an effect on thinkers of the enlightenment. ▪ “The enlightenment presented an optimistic outlook of the future of Europe.” Assess the validity of this statement using specific examples to support your answer. Pacing Guide AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (1 1/2 week) AP Standard: trace the development of European empires and colonial rebellion in 18th century Europe. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: the global impact of imperialism and mercantilism, revolts in the Americas. CONCEPTS Europe’s mercantilist empires. Spain’s vast empire in the Americas. The wars in the 18th century in Europe and in the colonies. Independence for Britain’s North American colonies. VOCABULARY Mercantilism The Seven Years War William Pitt the Elder George III Pocket borough Robert Walpole Junkers Frederick the Great Joseph II of Austria Emelyan Pugachev Louis XV Empress Maria Theresa War of Austrian Succession Treaty of Paris Jethro Tull Richard Arkwright PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Explain why Europe sought colonies in the 18th century. Outline the affect of mercantilist policies in Holland, Spain, England, and France during the 18th century. Explain the reasons for the War of Austrian Succession and how it reflected international relations on the European continent. Compare and contrast the lives of peasants, the nobility and town/city dwellers during the century. Pacing Guide AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (1 1/2 weeks) AP Standard: discuss the causes, stages, and effects of the French Revolution. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: the social and economic problems of the various classes, key figures in the political crisis, Revolution and foreign wars. CONCEPTS The financial problems of the monarchy. The transformation of the Estates General and reconstruction of French ecclesiastical and political institutions. The second revolution, the end of the monarchy, and radical reform. The war between France and the rest of Europe. The establishment of the directory. PERFORMANCE SKILLS: VOCABULARY ▪ Louis XVI ▪ The Estates General ▪ Bourgeoisie ▪ Aristocracy ▪ Cahiers De DoLeances ▪ The Tennis Court Oath ▪ Fall of the Bastille ▪ Great Fear ▪ National Constituent Assembly ▪ Declaration of the Rights of Man ▪ Active and Passive Citizens ▪ Civil Constitution of the Clergy ▪ Emigres ▪ Sans-Culottes ▪ Mountain ▪ Girondists ▪ Jacobins ▪ Edmund Burke ▪ The Reign of Terror ▪ Committee of Public Safety ▪ Maxmilien Robespierre ▪ Levee En Masse ▪ Thermidorian Reaction ▪ The Directory ▪ ▪ Distinguish the different social groups in France and their concerns and goals on the eve of the French Revolution. Describe the stages of the revolution and determine the roles of the key figures throughout the revolution. AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (1 week) AP Standard: Evaluate the Industrial Revolution in 18th century Europe with the origin in England. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: the shift from guild labor to cottage industry, the English cotton textile industry, steam power, and the availability of labor and raw materials in England. CONCEPTS The transformation of Europe’s economy from agriculture to industry. The social problems that stemmed from urban growth. The strains on the old regime brought about by social change. VOCABULARY ▪ Industrial Revolution ▪ Textiles ▪ Spinning Jenny ▪ Water Frame ▪ Steam Engine ▪ Urbanization ▪ Urban Classes ▪ Upper Classes ▪ Middle Classes ▪ Lower Classes ▪ Jewish Ghetto’s Capital Edmund Cartwright The Rocket Great Exhibition Great Famine aka Great Hunger Edwin Chadwick James Watt Puddling Friedrich List Factory Acts Luddites Charles Dickens The People's Charter PERFORMANCE SKILL: ▪ Summarize the positive and negative consequences of the industrial revolution, including its affect on the lives of women and children. * Explain why Britain was the first nation to be industrialized and how it was accomplished. * Trace the spread of the industrial revolution onto the continent of Europe and to the United States and how it differed from country to country. * Describe the effect of industrialization had on class structures and the new ways of life for each of the classes. AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (2 weeks) 21 AP Standard: Recognize the conservative order and the challenge of reform. AP Standard: Discuss revolution and reaction in the mid 19th century. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: the challenges of liberalism and conservatism in Europe in the 19th century. The effects of: the Congress of Vienna, the motives of Metternich, 1848: the year of revolutions. CONCEPTS VOCABULARY The challenge of nationalism and liberalism to the conservative order. The domestic and international politics of the conservative order. The revolutions of 1830 on the continent. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. The Revolutions of 1848 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. PERFORMANCE SKILLS: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Conservative Liberal Nationalism Quadruple Alliance Jose de San MArtin Peterloo and the Six Acts Bourbon Restoration Corn Laws Poor Laws The Charter Prince Klemens von Metternich Concert of Europe Congress System Spanish Revolution of 1820 Greek Revolution of 1821 Latin American Wars of Independence ▪ Toussaint L’Ouverture ▪ Simon Bolivar ▪ Decembrist Revolt ▪ Great Reform Bill of 1832 Schutzmannschaft Johann Goethe Edgar Allen Poe Romanticism Percy Shelly Eugene Delacroix Gothic literature ▪ Using specific examples, contrast the ideologies of liberalism, conservatism, and nationalism during the 19th century. ▪ Analyze and discuss the political situation in Europe prior to 1848 that led to the revolution of 1848. AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (2 weeks) Nationalism 22 AP Standard: Interpret the age of nation-state building in Germany and Italy. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour, the unification of Italy, Bismarck’s domestic and foreign policies. CONCEPTS The unification of Italy and Germany. The shift from empire to republic in France. The emergence of Dual Monarchy in AustriaHungary. The emergence of Great Britain as the exemplary liberal state. VOCABULARY ▪ The Crimean War ▪ Otto Von Bismarck ▪ Giuseppe Mazzini ▪ Giuseppe Garibaldi ▪ Camillo Cavour ▪ Victor Emmanuel II ▪ The Austro-Prussian War ▪ The North German Confederation ▪ Bundesrat ▪ Reichstag * Baron Houssmann and Paris * Florence Nightingale * Zollverein * Marx’s Das Kapital * Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary ▪ Franco-Prussian War ▪ Napoleon III ▪ The Third Republic ▪ William Gladstone ▪ Benjamin Disraeli ▪ The Irish Question PERFORMANCE SKILL: ▪ Compare and contrast the unification of both Italy and Germany; include a treatment of the motives and methods of the driving forces behind each of the unifications. AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (2 weeks) Age of Progress 23 AP Standard: Describe the advancement of Europe with respect to labor, socialism, and politics to WWI. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: the structure of the family and labor force in industrial society, new problems of crime and order, the new classical economists, and early socialism. CONCEPTS The development of labor politics in Europe. The development of socialism in Europe. Industrialization and political unrest in Russia. VOCABULARY ▪ Trade unionism ▪ First International ▪ Fabianism ▪ David Lloyd George ▪ Opportunism ▪ Social Democrats ▪ the Erfurt Program ▪ Revisionism ▪ Sergei Witte ▪ Bolshevism ▪ Kulaks ▪ Vladimir Lenin ▪ Mensheviks ▪ Bloody Sunday ▪ Zemstvos ▪ Duma ▪ Nicholas II * “day-trippers” * Guglielmo Marconi * Second Industrial Revolution * May Day * plutocrats * Irish Home Rule * France’s Third Republic * Spanish-American War * Kulturkampf * Bismarck’s welfare legislation * William II * Magyarization * Alexander III and Nicholas II * Russification PERFORMANCE SKILLS: ▪ Explain the extent to which Marx’s theories were valid in light of the Industrial Revolution. ▪ Trace the history of the two revolutions in Russia during the 20th century. Discuss both the causes and effects of the revolutions. AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (2 weeks)New Imperialism 24 AP Standard: recognize the building of European supremacy in the late 19th century. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: the second revolution in industry, the scramble for territory in Europe and Asia, The causes of WWI and the Russian Revolution. CONCEPTS VOCABULARY Factors behind Europe’s new imperialism in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The causes and results of World War I. ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ * * * * * * * * * * * * The causes and results of the Russian Revolution. Vittorio Orlando New Imperialism Open Door Policy Scramble for Africa Ottoman Empire Balkans Congress of Berlin Triple Alliance Triple Entente William II Young Turks Georges Clemenceau John Keynes Bosnian Crisis Second and First Moroccan Crises Mobilization Stalemate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk David Lloyd George Vladimir Lenin Soviets Kerensky Friedrich Nietzsche’s slave morality” the ego, the id, and the superego Impressionism Post-Impressionism Wassily Kandinsky Abstract Expressionism Alfred Dreyfus Theodore Herzl and Zionism “white man’s burden” Cecil Rhodes Boer War * Boxer Rebellion * Meiji Restoration * Indian National Congress PERFORMANCE SKILLS: ▪ Estimate the impact of European imperialism as a cause of World War I. AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (3 weeks) WWI-WWII 25-27 AP Standards: Differentiate European political developments in the 1920’s. Analyze Europe and the Great Depression in the period between the wars. Analyze the causes and effects of World War II. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: overproduction and economic dislocations, totalitarianism and dictatorships, the struggle for power in Russia following the death of Lenin, policies and major figures of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy. The causes and consequences of WW I, and the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution. the impact of the Great Depression, new European ideological factors, the Spanish Civil War, the war in Asia and Europe, the Nazi Holocaust revealed, the aftermath of the war. CONCEPTS VOCABULARY The development of authoritarian governments. The Soviet Union’s far reaching political and social experiment. Financial collapse and depression in Europe. The Emergence of the national government in Great Britain. The Nazi seizure of power. Planned industrialism and collectivization in Soviet Russia under Stalin. The causes of World War II The impact of the war on the people of Europe. The results of the war. ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ NEP Third International War Communism Left Wing Right Wing Joseph Stalin Comintern Fascism Mussolini Victor Emmanuel III Labor Party Conservative Party Weimar Republic Inflation Adolf Hitler Nazi’s Twenty-Five Points Beer Hall Putsch Locarno Agreement ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Wall Street Crash of 1929 The British National Government The Popular Front Leon Blum Civil Liberties Josef Goebbels Police State Anti-Semitism Nuremburg Laws Kristallnacht Aryans Hermann Goring Syndicates Corporations Lenin’s NEP Collectivization Kulaks Five-Year Plan The Purges Treaty of Versailles Lebensraun Collective Security Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Spanish Civil War Anschluss Neville Chamberlain Munich Pact Nazi-Soviet Pact Blitzkreig ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Phony War Winston Churchill Battle of Britain Battle of Stalingrad D-Day Battle of the Bulge Island Hopping Collaboration Atlantic Charter Tehran Conference Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference PERFORMANCE SKILLS: ▪ Dissect Stalin’s policies and the groups of people he attempted to eliminate. ▪ Describe the causes and effects of the Great Depression and the various government strategies for coping with it, including the rise of Fascism and Nazism. ▪ Compare and contrast the regimes of Mussolini and Hitler. ▪ Explain the rise of the popular front in France. ▪ Prioritize the steps taken by Hitler in the late 1930’s that led to the eruption of war in Europe. ▪ Discuss the two periods in which the war can be divided and the theme of each period. ▪ Evaluate the most important consequences of the war. AP European History 2011-2012 Social Studies Course of Study TOPIC: (2 weeks) The Cold War 28 AP Standard: Interpret the Soviet-American rivalry. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: conflict between the two superpowers, political and economic policies of both the Soviets and Americans throughout the Cold War, the overall costs of the Cold War, colonial liberation of colonies under the West and the USSR. CONCEPTS VOCABULARY The origins of the Cold War and the divisions of Europe. De-colonization and the conflicts of Korea and Vietnam. ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Iron Curtain Cold War USSR United Nations Containment The Truman Doctrine Warsaw Pact The Middle East and the Cold War. Political and economic developments in Europe during the Cold War. ▪ ▪ * ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NATO Division of Germany Formation of Israel Balfour Declaration Arab-Israeli Conflict Douglas MacArthur Korean War Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Capitalist Imperialism Joseph Stalin Nikita Krushchev A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch Vienna Summit Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Decolonization of Africa African National Congress Nelson Mandela PLO Yasir Arafat Six Day War Mao Zedong Great Leap Forward Cultural Revolution in China Josip Broz Imry Nagy Alexander Dubcek Charles de Gaulle Fifth Republic Konrad Adenauer Clement Atlee The Second Sex Americanization PERFORMANCE SKILLS: ▪ Elaborate on the measures taken by the United States and its allies in response to Soviet expansionism post World War II. ▪ Trace the history of the Cold War from its beginnings to its “thaw.” TOPIC: (2 weeks) Modern World 29/30 AP Standard: Summarize revolution, rebuilding, and new challenges 1985-present. CONTENT STATEMENT: The effects of: the Arab revolution, the revolutions of 1989, the decline of Eastern Europe, and the building of a new Europe. CONCEPTS VOCABULARY Twentieth-Century movement of peoples The Welfare State Work expectations for women Transformations in religion, knowledge and culture The arrival of the computer The rise of radical Islam Radical Islam Jacques Chirac “Guest Workers” Albert Camus Jean-Paul Sartre Communism Existentialism Americanization Environmentalism Green Movement Neo-Orthodoxy The death of "Tito" Leonid Brezhnev Solidarity Movement Jano Kadar Prague Spring Erich Honecker Stasi Nicolae Ceausescu European Union Euro Willy Brandt Ostopolitik Thatcherism Francois Mitterrand Aldo Moro's Red Brigade Kosovo Liberation Army Yugoslavia detente Henry Kissinger "Evil Empire" E.F. Schumacher Chernobyl Postmodernism Gabriel Garcia Marquez PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Discuss the social, political, and economic changes for women and Europe- in general- in the latter half of the 20th century. Trace the major technological steps of the latter 20th century. Analyze the rise of radical political Islamism.
