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Chemistry Notes Day 1 Chemistry – the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space Four Phases of Matter Solid – has definite shape and volume Liquid- has definite volume but no definite shape Gas – has no definite shape or volume Plasma – the material that makes up stars very dense and high energy Atom – fundamental building block of all matter Element – a pure substance made of only one kind of atom 92 naturally occurring elements exist Periodic Table Square Element Name Atomic Symbol – abbreviation for the element (first letter always capital second letter if there is one always lower case) Atomic Number – tells the number of protons in the atom Atomic Mass – the total mass of the element Subatomic Particles Proton - positive charge – 1 amu Neutron - neutral charge – 1 amu Electron - negative charge – 0 amu amu – atomic mass unit Proton and neutron located in the nucleus of the atom Electron located in the electron shells or electron cloud surrounding the nucleus Day 2 Any unbonded atom of any element has an overall neutral charge Numbers of subatomic particles in each atom Protons: determined by the atomic number Electrons: equals the number of protons Neutrons: Rounded Atomic Mass – Atomic Number = # of Neutrons Maximum number of electrons in each electron shell: Shell 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of electrons 2 8 18 32 50 72 98 Solar system model See your notes!! Know element and symbols for the following: hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorous, sulfur, chlorine, argon, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, bromine, silver, iodine, gold, lead, mercury, radon. Day 3 99% of the atoms mass in the nucleus The energy of the atom in the electron shells Most of an atom empty space Isotopes – atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and different number of neutrons and different mass. (Hydrogen example) Valence – outer most shell and electrons All chemical bonding takes place in the valence shell between valence electrons of two or more atoms. Periodic Table - classification system for elements Dimitri Mendeleeve – created the first periodic table, organized by atomic mass. Current periodic table organized by atomic number Properties of metals-75% of the table is made up of metals Shiny Good conductors of heat and electricity Malleable – can be bent or hammered in to thin sheets Ductile – can be stretched into thin wires Loose valence electrons when they bond Properties of nonmetals Dull Brittle Poor conductors of heat and electricity Gain valence electrons when they bond Properties of metalloids Elements that touch stair-step line between metals and nonmetals Have characteristics of metals and nonmetals Family/Group – columns of elements Same physical and chemical properties Same number of valence electrons Period – row of elements Same number of electron shells Left to right across the table: increase in atomic mass, decrease in atomic radius. Family 18 called the Nobel Gasses they are all inert gasses Inert – will not bond with any element Transition Metals – section of metals on the middle of the table family 3-12