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The Civil War Review
US History/E. Napp
Name: __________________
Activity 1: Reading – Overview
“The 11 Southern states united loosely under a constitution of their own and a central
government called the Confederate States of America, or the Confederacy. Between 1861
and 1865, the Confederate army fought for its independence. The Northern army fought to
save the Union and put down the Southern ‘rebellion.’
In general, the south had a better army for fighting a short war, but the North’s vast
economic resources gave it the advantage in a long war.
Although the South won most important engagements in 1861 and 1862, two 1863 battles
made it clear that momentum had shifted to the Union:
A- Gettysburg
 With war supplies running low, Confederate general Robert E. Lee boldly
invaded the North. Fighting erupted over three days near the town of
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1 to 3, 1863).
 At first, Lee’s army won some ground but failed to push the Union army from
key positions on higher land.
 On the third day, Confederate troops were badly defeated when they tried to
dislodge the well-protected Union troops.
 Lee retreated south.
 Both sides had lost thousands of men, but the Union army under General
George G. Meade had won its first major battle.
B- Vicksburg
 One day later, Union general Ulysses S. Grant forced the surrender of
Vicksburg, a key Confederate port on the Mississippi River.
 This victory split the South in two, gave the Union control of the Mississippi
River, and blocked the South’s supply route from Texas.
C- Sherman’s March to the Sea
 In 1864, Union general William T. Sherman led a campaign of destruction from
Tennessee to the Georgia coast and northward to the Carolinas.
 For the first time, civilian property was destroyed as an act of policy.
D- Richmond and Appomattox
 The Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia, was a Northern military target
throughout the war.
 Finally, on April 2, 1865, Lee’s army gave way and Union troops marched into
Richmond.
 Seven days later, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
 The war was over.
 The principle of federal supremacy over the states was secured.”
~ Reviewing U.S. History and Government
Questions:
1- How many Southern states united loosely under a constitution and a central
government called the Confederacy?
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2- What were the dates of the Civil War?
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3- What was the primary goal of the Northern army during the Civil War?
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4- What advantage did the South have for fighting a short war?
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5- What advantage did the North have for fighting a long war?
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6- Who won the most important battle engagements in 1861 and 1862?
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7- What year was a turning point in the war?
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8- Who was Robert E. Lee?
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9- Why did Robert E. Lee invade the North?
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10- Where did Robert E. Lee invade the North and when did he invade?
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11- What did Lee’s army fail to do at Gettysburg?
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12- Where did Lee retreat after this failure?
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13- Who was Ulysses S. Grant?
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14- What happened at Vicksburg?
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15- What was Vicksburg?
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16- How did the Confederate surrender of Vicksburg hurt the South?
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17- Who was William T. Sherman?
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18- What was Sherman’s March to the Sea?
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19- What happened for the first time in the Civil War during Sherman’s March to the
Sea?
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20- What was Richmond?
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21- What happened in Richmond on April 2, 1865?
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22- What happened at Appomattox Court House?
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23- What was finally over?
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24- What principle was secured?
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25- Why was the securing of this principle important?
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“Lincoln was president for barely more than one term. Five months after reelection
(April, 1865), he was assassinated by a Southern actor, John Wilkes Booth.
Yet Lincoln is considered one of the nation’s greatest presidents. Why?
A. Firm Political Purpose
 As Lincoln made clear, all of his actions and decisions were directed at saving
the Union.
B. Emancipation of Slaves
 On January 1, 1863, Lincoln declared that slaves in Confederate states were
now free.
 This Emancipation Proclamation signaled that slavery would probably be
abolished everywhere if the North won the war.
C. Speeches
 Nobody better expressed the democratic ideal than Lincoln.
 His Gettysburg Address, dedicating a military cemetery at that battle site, is
among the most memorable speeches in history.
- It ends thus: ‘…that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have
died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and
that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish
from the earth.’
 In his Second Inaugural Address, Lincoln expressed his compassion for all
Americans, so recently at war and once again united:
- ‘…With malice toward none, with charity for all,… let us…bind up the
nation’s wounds,…care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his
widow and his orphan [and] achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace
among ourselves and with all nations.’”
~ Reviewing U.S. History and Government
Questions:
1- What happened to Lincoln five months after his reelection?
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2- Who was John Wilkes Booth and what did he do?
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3- Why was Lincoln considered one of the nation’s greatest presidents?
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4- What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
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5- Why is the Gettysburg Address considered a great speech?
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6- What did Lincoln demonstrate in his Second Inaugural Address?
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A Chart on the Comparative Strengths and Weaknesses of the Union and the Confederacy:
Union
Confederacy
Population
22 million (1860)
6 million free citizens
3 million slaves
Strategic Position
Numerous factories and
Little industry
farms able to produce
massive amounts of war
Farms chiefly for producing
goods and food supplies
cotton, not food
Morale
Superior railroad system
Poor railroad system
Control of 70% of the
nation’s wealth
Many civilians indifferent to
or against war at first
Control of 30% of the
nation’s wealth
Troops fighting in defense of
their homes and families
Troops far from home and
family
Strong military tradition
among soldiers; general
expertise in riding and
shooting
Experienced officers and
superior generals (e.g.,
Robert E. Lee and Thomas
J. ‘Stonewall’ Jackson)
Naval Strength
Strong navy able to blockade Few ships; dependence on
Southern ports and cut off
blockade-runners
vital supplies
Political Leadership
President Abraham Lincoln: President Jefferson Davis;
tireless, active, militarily
intelligent, aloof, overly
astute
cautious
Foreign Relations
Universal recognition as
Lack of support and
legitimate government
recognition from Britain and
other nations
~ Reviewing U.S. History and Government
Questions:
1- What was the South’s greatest advantage during the Civil War?
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2- What was the North’s greatest advantage during the Civil War?
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3- Analyzing the chart, why did the North win the Civil War? _____________________
African Americans and Women:
“Neither the North nor South allowed African Americans to serve as soldiers until 1863.
By the war’s end more than 180,000 African Americans had joined the Union forces and
about 38,000 had lost their lives. Twenty-two won the nation’s highest military award, the
Medal of Honor.
Women were already accustomed to working long hours on farms and in industrial mills.
During the war, they worked even harder, taking the places of enlisted men and producing
uniforms, weapons, and other war goods.
Under such energetic leaders as Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton, women volunteers took
to the battlefield to care for the wounded. After the war, Clara Barton continued her
efforts by organizing the American Red Cross in 1877.”
~ Reviewing U.S. History and Government
Questions:
1- When were African Americans allowed to serve as soldiers during the Civil War?
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2- How many African Americans had joined the Union before the war’s end?
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3- How many African American soldiers lost their lives during the Civil War?
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4- What is the nation’s highest military award?
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5- How many African Americans won this award for their service in the Civil War?
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6- What were women already accustomed to?
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7- How did the war change women’s lives?
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8- How did Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton contribute to the war effort?
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9- What did Clara Barton organize after the war?
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Multiple-Choice Questions:
1. One of the Union’s main advantages
2. The basic constitutional issue
over the Confederacy was
resolved by the Civil War was the
(A) A large industrial base
(A) Redistribution of national
(B) Experienced military leaders
resources
(C) Well-trained soldiers
(B) Process by which a state might
(D) Widespread devotion to the cause
secede
(C) Supremacy of the federal
government over the states
(D) Right to destroy civilian property
during wartime
3. The Battle of Gettysburg
(A) Led to an immediate end to the
war
(B) Opened an invasion route to the
North
(C) Inflicted a major loss on Lee’s
army
(D) Gave the North control of the
Mississippi River
4. …With malice toward none; with
charity for all; with firmness in the
right, as God gives us to see the right,
let us strive on to finish the work we
are in; to bind up the nation’s
wounds; to care for him who shall
have borne the battle, and for his
widow, and his orphan – to do all
which may achieve and cherish a
just, and a lasting peace, among
ourselves, and with all nations.
~ President Abraham Lincoln, 1865
This statement by President Lincoln
contributed to disagreements over the
(A) continuation of a military draft
(B) provision of free land to settlers
(C) negotiations with foreign nations after
the Civil War
(D) treatment of the former Confederate
states and their leaders
5. What was a major result of the Civil
War?
(A) The judiciary became the
dominant branch of the federal
government.
(B) Congress passed an amendment
to provide for the direct election of
senators.
(C) The power of the central
government was strengthened.
(D) States were given the right to
secede from the Union.
6. Which heading best completes the
partial outline below?
I. ______________________
A. Suspension of habeas corpus
B. Signing of Emancipation
Proclamation
C. Election of President Lincoln to
second term
(A) Wartime Propaganda Campaigns
(B) Limits on Civil Liberties During
Wartime
(C) Decreased Rights of Minorities
(D) Events During the Civil War
7. Which argument was used by
President Abraham Lincoln to
explain his policy of leniency toward
the South after the Civil War?
(A) Most Southerners have remained
loyal to the Union during the war.
(B) Most Southerners are willing to
grant equality to formerly enslaved
persons.
(C) The federal government has no
authority to punish states for
secession.
(D) Healing the nation’s wounds
quickly is essential.
8. In his first inaugural address,
President Abraham Lincoln stated
his main goal for the nation was to
(A) use the vote to resolve the conflict
over slavery
(B) free all slaves in the United States
(C) uphold the Dred Scott decision
(D) preserve the Union
9. I. Actions Taken by President Abraham
Lincoln During the Civil War
A. Increased the size of the army without
congressional authorization
B. Arrested and jailed anti-Unionists
without giving a reason
C. Censored some anti-Union newspapers
and had some editors and publishers
arrested
Which statement is most clearly supported
by these actions of President Lincoln?
(A) Wartime emergencies led President
Lincoln to expand his presidential powers.
(B) President Lincoln was impeached for
violating the Constitution.
(C) Checks and balances effectively limited
President Lincoln’s actions.
(D) President Lincoln wanted to abolish the
Bill of Rights
10. The North’s rapid economic
growth during the Civil War was
stimulated by
(1) the elimination of taxes on
defense industries
(2) a reduction in the number of
immigrants
(3) increased government demand
for many
products
(4) enslaved persons filling industrial
jobs
Essay Prompts [Previous Knowledge]:
Discuss one way in which the Rise of the Republican Party tended to promote nationalism
or sectionalism.
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Until 1861, compromise helped the United States avoid civil war.
- Identify two compromises that helped the nation avoid civil war before 1861.
- Identify two of the events of the 1850s that led to civil war.
- Explain how compromise failed to prevent a civil war.
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