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Area: Civilizations: Hebrews, Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Mesopotamia Neo-Babylonians vocabulary tribute: wealth sent from one country or ruler to another as a sign that the other is superior siege: a military blockade and attack on a city to force it to surrender rabbi: a religious teacher who studies and teaches others about Jewish law Talmud: the collection of ancient Jewish writings that interpret the law of the Torah Exodus: the escape of the Hebrews from Egyptian slavery GeographyLand between two rivers: Tigris & Euphrates travel; H: moved to Canaan (near Mediterranean); migrated to Egypt-famine food supply Social S: Upper class: priests, landowners, government officials structure S: Common class: merchants & craftspeople S: Lowest class: slaves Government Kings in Sumer Empires with famous kings: A, B, Assyrians, NB H: leaders & prophets: Abraham, Moses H: kings: David, Solomon Religion Polytheism: belief in more than one god Monotheism: worshipping just one god, as did the Hebrews: ancient Israelites who lived to the NE of Egypt, in Canaan, from about 1800 B.C.E. – 70 C.E. During time of famine, migrated to Egypt; left in Exodus. S: Ziggurats: an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower H: Torah: the first five books of the Jewish Bible The Arts Assyrians: bas-reliefs: a sculpture in which the image projects out from a flat surface Technology S: Wheel, irrigation systems, plow, arch Assyrians: aqueducts: a pipe or channel that brings water from distant places Writing S: pictographs: a symbol that stands for an object; cuneiform: writing that uses wedge-shaped characters B: Hammurabi’s Code of Laws: based on the word of the gods as well as Hammurabi’s authority. Written on a stele and placed in a temple for all to see. Very detailed. Covered: trade; payment for work; marriage; divorce; punishments for stealing, causing injury and other crimes. Applied to all. Different punishments for different classes. EconomyCity of Babylon = trade center: with people all along Persian Gulf (Kush, trading; trading groups from Egypt?). Grain & cloth for wood, gold, silver, gems, products livestock. LeadershipSargon of Akkad: first ruler of Akkadian Empire. Kept control by important destroying city walls so could not rebel; replaced disloyal governors with people own men; 1st king to demand sons rule after him. B: Hammurabi: united Mesopotamia as king. Best known for his Code of Laws. Built roads; created postal service; kept irrigation systems working Other points of interest properly. NB: Nebuchadnezzar II: expanded empire; inner & outer wall around city of Babylon to keep safe H: Abraham: taught just one God; covenant with God-favor descendants if family always honor God; tested-willing to sacrifice son H: Moses: led Hebrews out of Egypt; began 40 yr. round-about journey back to Canaan; at Mount Sinai received 10 Commandments-basic Jewish laws Hanging Gardens of Babylon: gardens decorating Nebuchadrezzar II’s palace. Lush greenery hung from rooftops down over walls, and was kept fresh by a watering system. Legend: planted for wife, who was from the mountains, to keep her from being homesick. Jewish Diaspora: the scattering of the Jewish people to many lands