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BIOL260
Final Exam Study Guide- 10AM Class
Chapter 13: Viruses of Bacteria
1. What virus was one of the first studied?What contribution was made by Twort and
d’Herelle?
2. What is a bacteriophage?
3. What are some characteristics of viruses?
4. How are Chlamydia and Rickettsia similar to viruses? Are viruses considered living?
5. Describe the chemical composition of a typical virus. (capsid coat, nucleic acid etc)
6. Explain the steps in the life cycle of T4 (lytic/virulent) bacteriophage. What is the host
cell?
7. Explain the steps involved in the life cycle of lambda phage (temperate phage). What
is the host cell?
8. What is a benefit of infection with a lysogenic phage? What change may occur with
the bacterial cell?
9. Understand how filamentous phage (M13) replicate in host cells. What is unique to
replication of a ssDNA molecule?
Chapter 14: Viruses, Prions, and Viroids
1. What is the composition of a typical animal virus? What is meant by a naked virus?
By an enveloped virus?
2. Understand what is meant by the term isometric and icosahedral. What are some other
shapes of animal viruses?
3. Understand what is meant by acute and persistant viral infections and identify an
example of each.
4. What are the steps of infection of an animal cell with a virus that causes an acute
infection? How do the steps of infection of an animal virus differ from infection with
a bacteriophage?
5. Understand how single stranded DNA and RNA animal viruses replicate. What is
meant by (+) ssRNA versus (-) ssRNA?
6. What is unique to viruses in the family Retroviridae? What is an example of a virus in
this family?
7. Understand the three different types of persistant infections and an example of each.
8. Be familiar with the families of the viruses mentioned in class and the general
characteristics of the virus (type of nucleic acid, whether or not it has an envelope,
and the disease it causes). Use your notes and different chapters in the book to review
information on the following viruses: Hepatitis Type A, Hepatitis Type B, Hepatitis
Type C, HIV, influenza, chicken pox, herpes type 1, herpes type 2, Epstein bar, and
HPV.
9. Understand how animal viruses may induce tumors. What type of virus most
commonly induces tumors? How do viruses induce tumors in animal cells?
10. Understand how genetic reassortment contributes to new strain of the influenza virus.
What is the structure of the influenza virus? What is the role of the H and N spikes?
What is meant by the terms antigenic drift and antigenic shift and how do they apply
to the influenza virus?
11. What are prions? How do they differ from viruses? What is the proposed mechanism
of infection? What diseases are caused by prions?
Chapter 8: Last few pages (p204-215)Transfer of DNA
1. What are the three ways to transfer genetic material?
2. Define: donor cell, recipient cell, homologous recombination, competent cell, F+ and
F- cells.
3. What do transformation, conjugation, and transduction have in common? What is
different?
4. What do you need to have transformation occur? What about conjugation? What
about transduction?
5. Understand conjugation between the following cells: F+ and F-.
6. In conjugation, which cells are considered male cells? Why? Which cells are
considered female? Why?
7. Explain the two types of transduction. How are they different? How are they similar?
8. What type of virus is necessary for generalized transduction? For specialized
transduction?
9. What are transposons? What are insertion sequences?
10. What are R plasmids?
Chapter 21: Antibiotics
1. How did the following people contribute to antibiotics- Erlich, Fleming, Chain and
Florey, and Mouldy Mary
2. Where do antibiotics come from? What types of microbes produce the majority of
antibiotics?
3. What does selective toxicity mean? What are some targets for selective toxicity?
4. What is a broad spectrum antibiotic? What is a narrow spectrum?
5. What does bactericidal mean? What does bacteriostatic mean?
6. What are some problems with broad spectrum antibiotics?
7. How does penicillin work? How do the sulfonamides work?
8. What is the difference between penicillin G and penicillin V? What portion of the
drug is retained in all new versions of penicillin derived antibiotics?
9. What is meant by natural penicillins? What is meant by semi-synthetic penicillins?
10. What is MRSA?
11. Why is trimethoprim combined with sulfamethoxazole an example of drug
synergism?
12. Review the drugs mentioned in class that are able to inhibit cell wall synthesis such as
the penicillins and vancomycin.
13. Review the drugs mentioned in class that inhibit protein synthesis such as the
tetracyclines and azithromycin.
14. Review the drugs mentioned in class that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, such as the
ciprofloxacin
15. How do organisms develop resistance to antibiotics?
16. Will antibiotics cure the common cold?
17. How can you test for antibiotic resistance of bacteria?
18. What are some mechanisms that bacteria have evolved for resistance?
19. What are examples of emerging resistance seen in Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Chapter 15: Innate Immune
1. What are the first and second lines of defense of nonspecific host mechanisms?
2. How does the nonspecific defense system differ from the specific defense system?
3. Know examples of the different barriers in the non-specific defense.
4. What is the role of normal microbiota (flora) in the non-specific defense?
5. Know the function of the key leukocytes in the blood which are important in the
innate immune response, including the dendritic cells.
6. . Which cells are considered phagocytic? How do phagocytes work to eliminate
foreign material? What are some mechanisms that microbes use to evade phagocytosis?
7. How do cells communicate with each other? What is the role of cytokines, Toll-like
receptors, Complement proteins, and interferons?
8. Know how inflammation promotes a response to eliminate bacteria. What are the steps
in the process? What is diapedesis?
9. What are the three outcomes from complement activation?
10. What major protein in the complement cascade is key to activating the rest of the
proteins? What are the two ways in which complement proteins are activated?
11. Why is the fever response beneficial to eliminating a bacterial infection?
Chapter 16: Adaptive Immune Response
1. What are unique properties of the immune system? What are primary lymphoid organs
and secondary lymphoid organs?
2. Understand MHC Class I and MHC Class II markers. How are they synthesized?
Where are they found?
3. Know which cell make antibodies and how they are activated to make them. Know
what types of invaders these cells are most effective in protecting the body.
4. Know which cells kill infected host cells. Know what types of infections, etc. these
cell are most effective in eliminating. How do these cells help the antibody
producing cells?
5. Know the different types of T-cells and their function. What is the role of T cell
receptors? What function do Natural Killer cells play in the immune system?
6. Know the general structure of antibodies, how do they bind antigen?
7. Know the general characteristics of the five different classes of antibodies. Which
antibody appears first in response to an antigen, which appears second? Which
antibodies can cross the placenta? What is the function of antibodies, or rather what
happens when antibody binds antigen?
8. What role do dendritic cells and macrophages play in the immune response?
9. Know how the immune system responds to a bacterial infection. Which cells are
involved?
10. Know how the immune system responds to a viral infection. Which cells are
involved?
11. What is meant by the terms adaptive immunity, naturally acquired active immunity,
naturally acquired passive immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, and
artificially acquired passive immunity.
12. What is meant by immunological memory?