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Name: _______________________________________ Period: ______ Community Ecology – 54.1 Part I: Review 1. What is the biological definition of a population? 2. What is the biological definition of a community? 3. What is a habitat? What is an ecological niche? Part II: Types of Community Interactions In any ecological community, organisms of different populations interact with each other, whether directly or indirectly. Complete the table below to summarize these types of interactions and the effects on each species in the relationship. Type of Interaction Competition Predation Herbivory Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Facilitation Definition Effect on Species A (+, -, or 0) Effect on Species B (+, -, or 0) Example Part III: Competitive Exclusion Virtual Lab How to get there: Google search glencoe competitive exclusion virtual lab (click on first link) (http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078757134/383928/BL_04.html) Background (Read the background in order to answer the Pre-Lab Questions that follow) The genus Paramecium includes several species of one-celled protists that live in freshwater. When there is enough food, water, and space, populations of these species grow rapidly and follow a pattern known as exponential growth, in which the total number of potentially reproducing organisms increases with each generation. However, populations of any organism will not increase indefinitely. Eventually, limitations on food, water, and other resources will cause the population to stop increasing. When a population arrives at the point where its size remains stable, it has reached the carrying capacity of the environment. The carrying capacity is the greatest number of individuals a given environment can sustain. Competition for resources among members of a population (intraspecific competition) places limits on population size. Competition for resources among members of two or more different species (interspecific competition) also affects population size. In a classic series of experiments in the 1930s, a Russian ecologist, G.F. Gause, formulated his principal of competitive exclusion. This principle states that if two species are competing for the same resource, the species with a more rapid growth rate will outcompete the other. In other words, no two species can occupy the same niche. In competing populations of organisms, genetic variations that reduce competition are favored through natural selection. Suppose two species (A and B) compete for the same food source. Individuals of species A can also use another food source, which reduces the competition over the food source needed by species B. The individuals of species A that can use another food source survive because they do not have to compete with individuals of species B for that food. In nature, organisms frequently invade unoccupied habitats simply to avoid intense competition. Once the organism is in a new habitat, any variations that allow it to use the available resources will tend to be perpetuated through the population. In this way, the genetic makeup of the population may slowly change, and the species will become adapted to a new niche. Pre-Lab Questions 1. What is exponential growth? 2. Define limiting factor in population growth and give some examples. 3. What is carrying capacity? 4. How are intraspecific and interspecific competition different? 5. How did G. F. Gause describe competitive exclusion? 6. Describe how competition between species can lead to evolution when a population enters a new habitat. 7. What are the objectives for this experiment? (you can summarize) 8. Make a hypothesis about how you think the two species of Paramecium will grow alone and how they will grow when they are grown together. Data Table: Population Densities of Paramecium species ***Note that the well in each microscope slide holds 0.5mL so you need to multiply the number of cells you counted by 2 in order to obtain the concentration per mL.*** P. aurelia grown alone, cells/mL P. caudatum grown alone, cells/mL P. aurelia grown in mixed P. caudatum grown in mixed culture, cells/mL culture, cells/ mL Day 0 Day 2 Day 4 Day 6 Day 8 Day 10 Day 12 Day 14 Day 16 Analysis Questions 1. Do the two species of Paramecia help each other? Prey on each other? What do they eat? 2. Explain how you tested your hypothesis. 3. Graph your data. Title: __________________________________________________________________________ 4. On what day did the Paramecium caudatum population reach the carrying capacity of the environment when it was grown alone? How do you know? 5. On what day did the Paramecium aurelia population reach the carrying capacity of the environment? How do you know? 6. Explain the differences in the population growth patterns of the two Paramecium species. What does this tell you about how Paramecium aurelia uses available resources? 7. Describe what happened when the Paramecium populations were mixed in the same test tube. Do the results support the principle of competitive exclusion? (you may need to briefly explain what competitive exclusion is) 8. Explain how this experiment demonstrates that no two species can occupy the same niche. 9. How can resource partitioning (see pg. 1195) allow for two species to occupy the same habitat but not the same niche? Name: ________________________________________________ ______ Community Ecology – 53.2/53.4 1) What is biodiversity? Period: 2) Why is biodiversity important? Keystone Species A keystone species is a plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions. Without keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether. Go to http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/keystone-species/?ar_a=1. Read the article, and answer the questions that follow. 5) Why are the following considered keystone species? What impact do they have on the ecosystem? a) Prairie Dogs b) African Elephants c) Sea Otters d) Hummingbirds e) Mountain Lions f) Sea Stars In the intertidal, not all species are created equally. Keystone species are species that play a major role in maintaining the structure and function of an ecological community, and they have disproportionately large effects on the systems in which they live (relative to their abundance). Their presence impacts many other members of the ecosystem and the decline of a keystone species can lead to declines in biodiversity in the entire area. Ochre sea stars, beavers, and sea otters are all examples of keystone species. Instructions: Examine the trends in sea star abundance at Point Bonita, California. Answer the questions below. 1. What was the abundance of ochre sea stars at Point Bonita in 2007? In 2010? 2. Between 2005 and 2010, when was the abundance of ochre sea stars the lowest at Point Bonita? The highest? Record abundance for each along with the year. 3. Did the number of sea stars increase, decrease, or remain stable over time (from 2005 – 2010) at Point Bonita? How might the picture change if you had data for 2005 and 2006 only? Why is long-term data important? 4. How would mussels and other members of the ecosystem be impacted by the changes in sea star abundance (from 2005-2010)? Explain your answer.