Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Arnoldi Honors Chemistry Classification of Matter Useful Diagrams: 2.3, 2.8, 2.11 I. Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties A. Properties’ Definitions and Examples 1. __________: characteristics of a substance which help to identify it a. Properties are used to ___________________. b. Some Examples: Mass: is a measure of the ______ of matter Weight: is a measure of the _____________________ of an object Volume: is a measure of the _________ __________by the object c. Two Questions Can Be Asked (i) __________ can be observed? (ii) ______ does it behave with other substances? 2. ______ Property: a property that can be observed without changing the nature of the substance a. _______ Physical Property: dependent upon the sample size b. ________ Physical Property: not dependent upon the sample size (i) Looking at Density (a) What is it? density is a mass to volume ratio (b) How is it found? it is a ______ unit (c) How does it relate to temperature and pressure? density ________ with T and P _______ are more affected more than solids and liquids (d) So… which is heavier, a pound of feathers or a pound of lead? 3. ________ Property TYPE ONE PROMPT ONE a property that can only be observed when changing the substance B. Changes’ Definitions and Examples 1. ___________: new properties are made 2. ________ Change when a substance changes FORM, but NOT IDENTITY What might have changed? EXAMPLES: Can be _________________ or _________________. 3. ________ Change a change when the substance turns into another substance by losing, gaining, or rearranging atoms What might have changed? EXAMPLE: AKA Law of Conservation of Mass: Example: 10 lb of log 9 lb ash, 1 lb smoke 4. _____________ TYPE ONE PROMPT TWO a chemical change (making new substances with new properties) II. Background into Chemical Reactions A. Identify each of the following using this chemical reaction: 4 C2H3O + 9 O2 (g) --> 8 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g) + energy 1. ________ what you started with 2. ________ what is made in the reaction 3. ________ (see later notes… solid, liquid, gas) 4. ________ shown as “energy”, “heat”, “light” B. Indicators of a Chemical Reaction 1. Indicators that ALWAYS Indicate a Change 2. Indicators the SOMETIMES Indicate a Change TYPE ONE PROMPT THREE III. The Matter Tree A. Matter Tree Matter Can it be separated by ordinary physical means? magnet, picking out, boiling out, etc. NO YES Can it be separated by chemical means? NO YES Is it the same throughout? NO YES B. Important Definitions 1. ___________: anything that has mass and takes up space How does matter relate to Energy? E = mc2 2. ___________: a substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means a. Element Symbols: Examples: sometimes, the ______ name is the source of the chemical symbol Fe – Ferrum (iron) Cu – Cuprum (copper Pb – Plumbum (lead) Na (Natrium) Sodium Sn (Stannum) Tin Au (Aurum) Gold W – Wolfram … (German) … Tungsten elements are also named after b. NIB Relative Abundance Lone Elements: Combined Elements: *Most elements are found combined in nature. Oxygen is the most common element on Earth. It makes up _______ of the Earth’s crust, _____ by weight of the Earth’s water and ____ by weight of the Earth’s atmosphere. Silicon makes up _______ of the Earth’s crust. The next six most abundant are ____________ _________. The remaining elements make up less than 2% of the Earth. In living things, the most abundant elements are 3. ___________ when two or more elements are CHEMICALLY combined 4. ___________ any substance with uniform and definite composition Constant Composition: Elements and compounds have constant composition. (_____________) 5. ___________ two or more substances that are PHYSICALLY combined, each of which retains its own properties Can be … 6. ________________ Mixture (AKA mechanical mixture) This mixture shows phases (visible, distinct parts of the mixture). It is NOT EVENLY MIXED. It is not the same throughout. EXAMPLES: a. This will show different _____ (visible, distinct parts of the mixture). b. Types of Mechanical Mixtures c. Mechanical mixtures may show the ____________. TE = the bouncing of light (reflection) off of the particles in a mixture For TE to occur, the particles must be sufficiently big. 7. ________________ Mixture (AKA Solutions) This mixture is transparent (I did not say colorless) and evenly mixed. Every sample throughout the mixture is the same. However, they do not have constant composition from one solution to the next. a. Comparing Mechanical Mixtures and Solutions: Solutions homogeneous Colloids heterogeneous Suspensions heterogeneous Emulsions heterogeneous smallest middle largest Will Settle Out / Able to be Filtered Tyndall Effect do not cannot NO do not cannot YES yes yes MAYBE a little bigger than colloids yes yes YES Examples salt water, koolaid, anything transparent gels, foams, milk, fog, jello, whipped cream muddy water, oil and vinegar, calamine lotion Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Particle Size mayonnaise, liquid foundation make-up b. Types of Solutions gas particles in liquid phase… solid particles in liquid phase… gas particles in gas phase… solid particles in solid phase… etc. 8. _________: the substance that is dissolved in the mixture 9. _______: the substance that does the dissolving in the mixture 10. ______:the smallest piece of an element that retains the characteristics of that element 11. _______:the smallest piece of a compound that retains the characteristics of that compound Usually, molecules are assumed to be compounds, but… a. ________ Molecules: an atom, but also a molecule (they are single atoms, that act like molecules – i.e. they experience intermolecular forces – IMF) EXAMPLES: b. ________ Molecules two of the same atom, chemically combined (these elements are never found as singular atoms in nature) EXAMPLES: c. _________ Molecules (ions): aka polyatomic ions EXAMPLES: TYPE ONE PROMPT FOUR B. Characteristics of a Compound Composition: _____________ composition Example: H2O1 Properties: are ________ from the original substances that make up the compound Example: Separated by… H is flammable water puts out fire O feeds fire __________ means C. Characteristics of a Mixture Composition: ____________, not constant Properties: are __________ the substances that make it up the constituents retain their original properties Separated by… ___________ means _________: pulling apart by particle size small goes through, large is caught _________: taking apart via boiling point D. States of Matter 1. There are _________ phases/states of of matter, but ________ main phases / states of matter we deal with in chemistry. They are: solid, liquid and gas Shape definite indefinite indefinite Volume definite definite indefinite Compressibility can’t be can’t be Movement of Particles limited more can be (expanded, too) most Plasma: high energy gas where electrons escape from the atoms (occurs in the sun).