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Transcript
Name ________________________________Bio 126 Plant Groups Lab Field identification characters: 1. Moss/ Liverworts The term bryophytes does not refer to a taxonomic category; rather, bryophytes are an ancient group of plants that appear to have evolved into several different groups independently and did not give rise to any other living groups of plants. They are small plants generally lacking vascular tissue (specialized cells for the transport of material), although water-conducting tubes appear to be present in some mosses. (However, these tubes may be unrelated to the vascular tissue in vascular plants.) The life cycle for the bryophytes differs from all other land plants because the gametophyte is the dominant and conspicuous plant. Because bryophytes are nonvascular, they are restricted to moist habitats and have never attained the size of other groups of plants. The gametophytes remain close to the ground, enabling the motile sperm to swim from the antheridium to the archegonium and fertilize the egg. Some parts of the plants are covered with a thin cuticle layer, possible more important for uv light protection than water loss. They lack stomata on the surface of the thallus (plant body), which is not organized into true roots, stems, and leaves. Bryophytes are not important economically, with the exception of sphagnum moss, when harvested and dried is known as peat moss. Peat moss is absorbent, has antibacterial agents, and was reportedly once used as bandages and diapers. Today peat moss is used primarily in the horticultural industry and is primarily collected in Canada. Over the millennia, large peat bogs have formed which trap tons of organic carbon. In Ireland the partially decomposed peat is still harvested as a fuel. Other types of Irish moss are used as a preferred flavoring agent in brewing many specialty beers. 2. What is a spore? In order to complete its lifecycle, what do the Moss & Liverworts use for gametes? What do liverworts look like ? -1- LABEL A LL THE STRUCTURES OF THE MOSS LIFE CYCLE. INCLUDE: SPORE, PROTONEMA, GAMETOPHORE (“BUD”), MALE GAMETOPHYTE, FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE, RHIZOIDS, PHYLLIDIA (“LEAVES”), ARCHEGONIA, EGG, ANTHERIDIA, SPERM, ZYGOTE, SPOROPHYTE, SPORANGIA, SETA, CAPSULE, SPORES 5 4 6 3 8 2 7 9 13 12 10 11 1 -2- 3. Ferns / Equisetum These two groups have been classified as separate phyla in the past, the Sphenophyta Horsetails (Equisetum spp’) and the Psilophyta Whisk ferns (Psilotum spp.). But after recent molecular studies, they are often now put in with the ferns (as does our text) as new classes in one larger phylum Pterophyta. We will have samples of Horsetail and ferns to view.. Ferns have several derived features that ahs allowed them to move farther away from the limited environments of their bryophyte ancestors. Most significantly in the sporophyte phase they have vascular tissues, xylem to conduct water up from their roots and phloem to carry sugars throughout the plant. The gametophytes lack these tissues. The sporophytes form true roots that draw water up from deep in the soil and leaves with tissues to distribute the excess sugar to the rest of the plant. The woody sporophyte has become the dominant and perennial phase, able to produce spores in its sporangia for years. The leaves are called fronds, and increasing from their ends, unraveling as they grow. These thick leaves have stomata to allow for gas exchange. Sporangia are typically clustered on the underside of fronds in groups called sori. Each sporangium has a thick ridge of cells called an annulus that dries out, shrinking back and forcibly ripping open the sporangial wall throwing the spores out into the air currents. Ferns still need a film of water to sexually reproduce, because the hermaphroditic gametophyte produces swimming sperm. The gametophyte lacks vascular tissues and must have a moist environment long enough for the sporophyte to form. LABEL ALL THE STRUCTURES OF THE FERN LIFE CYCLE. INCLUDE: SPORE, YOUNG GAMETOPHYTE, MATURE GAMETOPHYTE (PROTHALLIUM), RHIZOIDS, ARCHEGONIA, EGG, ANTHERIDIA, SPERM, ZYGOTE, SPOROPHYTE, FRONDS ( LEAVES), ROOTS, SORUS, SPORANGIA, ANNULUS, SPORES -3- 2 3 4 6 1 5 12 7 11 10 8 9 What are their leaves called? What is found on the underside of the leaves? What allows the plant to survive in drier areas than the mosses? What is Wood? -4- SEED PLANTS - GYMNOSPERMS – Pines and other cone bearing trees The term gymnosperms refers to a diverse group of seed plants that do not produce flowers, but do produce pollen and seeds. The largest and best known gymnosperm division is Coniferophyta, which includes pines, redwoods, cypresses, junipers, other cone-bearing trees and shrubs. Many have thick needle shaped leaves with a thick cuticle layer. The needles group in groups called fascicles. Counting the number of needles per fascicle is one feature used to identify different pine species. Many conifers grow at high elevations with freezing winters that other trees can not tolerate. PINE LIFE CYCLE Label the Pine Life cycle. o Include: Meiosis, Mitosis, Fertilization, Sporophyte embryo, female gametophyte tissue, male (staminate) cone, female (ovulate) cone, ovule, microspores, megaspore, ovule, pollen grain, archegonium, egg, pollen tube, micropyle/integuments. 5 4 6 7 1 2 3 10 12 11 8 -59 4. Gymnosperms: “naked seeds” Cones: Pines- draw a pine cone as it would appear on a branch. What does Closed-Cone Pine mean? Needles: compare pines a. 3 per fassicle, vs. 5 per fassicle b. redwood leafy-scales c. cypress scales Angiosperms – flowering plants a. What have the parts of the flower coevolved with? b. Draw and label the parts of a flower. c. How can you tell a monocot from a dicot flower? d. What have fruit structures co-evolved with? Flower Morphology -6- You will investigate the structure of the flower. You will need to take apart each flower carefully to determine its structure, and write its floral formula. You may be able to determine the floral traits for large, open flowers by simply observing. However, most flowers will require that you remove the floral structures from the outside toward the center of the flower. Some flowers or structures may require the use of the dissecting microscope. For example, the ovary is positively identified by the presence of tiny crystal-like ovules, and these are best seen with the dissecting scope. Floral Parts Pedicel: stalk that supports the flower. Receptacle: tip of the pedicel where the flower parts attach. Sepal: outer whorl of bracts, which may be green, brown, or colored like the petals; may appear as small scales or be petal-like. Calyx: all the sepals, collectively Petal: colored, white, or even greenish whorl of bracts located just inside the sepals. Corolla: all the petals, collectively Stamen: pollen-bearing structure, composed of filament and anther. Filament: thin stalk that supports the anther. Anther: pollen-producing structure. Carpel: female reproductive structure, composed of the stigma, style, and ovary, often pear-shaped and located in the center of the flower. Stigma: receptive tip of the carpel, often sticky or hairy where pollen is placed; important to pollen germination. Style: tissue connecting stigma to ovary, often long and narrow, but may be short or absent; pollen must grow through this tissue to fertilize the egg. Ovary: base of carpel; protects ovules inside, matures to form the fruit. Regular: A symmetrical arrangement of flower parts. Sepals and petals are all of the same size, shape and color, and they are arranged uniformly around the receptacle. Also called actinomorphic. -7- Irregular: An asymmetrical bilateral arrangement of flower parts. Sepals and petals are all of the unequal size, shape and color, and they are not arranged uniformly around the receptacle. Also called zygomorphic. Bilabiate: An irregular “two-lipped” flower in which calyx and / or the corolla appears to be in two parts. One part facing upward as a flag or banner. The second faces forward for a landing platform and then down. Using preceding the terms, label -8- the diagram of a Dicot Flower Leaves What is simple vs. compound leaf ? Draw a twice pinnately compound leaf : Draw leaf margins: entire, toothed, wavy, lobed Draw Opposite vs. Alternate leaf placement on the stem : -9- - 10 - SIMPLE KEY TO POLLINATORS 1) Sepals and petals reduced or inconspicuous; feathery or relatively large stigma; flower with no odor WIND 2) Sepals and/or petals large, easily identified; stigma not feathery; flower with or without odor A) Sepals and petals white or subdued (greenish or burgundy); distinct odor i) Odor strong, heavy sweet released at night MOTH ii) Odor strong, fermenting or fruitlike released at night; flower parts and pedicel thick, strong BAT iii) Odor of sweat, feces, or decaying meat released during the day FLY, WASP B) Sepals and/or petals colored; odor may or may not be present i) Flower shape not tubular (1) Flower shape irregular; sepals or petals blue, yellow, or orange; petal adapted to serve as a “landing platform”; may have dark lines on petals; sweet, fragrant odor BEE (2) Flower shape regular; odor often fruity spicy sweet, or carrion like BEETLE ii) Flower shape tubular Strong, sweet odor, flat –topped narrow head of flowers with room for wings BUTTERFLY (1) Little or no odor; flower pendulous, usually red HUMMINGBIRD What is the Pollinator for the: Fuchsia ____________ Snapdragon _________ Scabiosa _____________ - 11 - VIDEO: SEXUAL ENCOUNTERS OF THE FLORAL KIND 1. Hammer Orchid and Atheid Wasp a. Why does the flower appear before the females wasps emerge? b. What reward does the orchid offer its pollinator? Do the wasps benefit? 2. African Water Lilly a. What happens on day two? b. What happens on day one? Are the anthers open? 3. Sardinian Kidnapping Lilly a. What reward does this flower offer the flies? Do the flies benefit? b. Why is it essential some flies escape? 4. Mammalian Pollinators a. What reward does this flower offer the mammals? b. Give some examples of the pollinating mammals 5. Arctic Primrose a. What reward does the primrose offer its pollinator? Do they benefit? 6. Water Plant a. Where do the flowers form? b. How does it get pollinated? 7. Rainforest Tree Orchid a. What reward does the orchid offer the male bees? Do they benefit? b. Why does the orchid trap the bees? - 12 -