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Biology Study Guide 2nd Semester Exam Chapters 19-22, 26-28, 30-32 1. Be able to recognize the three shapes of bacteria (you are only responsible for cocci-ROUND, bacilli-ROD-SHAPED & spirillia-SPIRAL SHAPED) 2. How are prokaryotic bacteria identified / classified? 3. Bacteria are sometimes called nature’s recyclers because they ________nutrients in dead matter. 4. Bacteria that break down nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by plant roots are called ____________. 5. All viruses are made of proteins and ____________. 6. The population of small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean is called ______________. 7. All fungi __________their food. 8. A mushroom is a fungal _____________. 9. Fungi that absorb food from decaying organic matter are called _____________. 10. A plant is a _______cellular, _______yote. 11. Seed-bearing plants differ from all other plants in that their gametes do not require ______ in order for _____________ to occur. 12. The gametophytes of gymnosperms live inside reproductive structures called __________. 13. The 4 groups of gymnosperms are:_______________________________________________. 14. Angiosperms produce seeds inside protective structures called _______________. 15. The # of seed leaves distinguishes ___________ classes of _______________. 16. List the differences between monocots & dicots. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Pollen grains are produced by __________ reproductive structures. In angiosperms, reproduction takes place in ___________. In an angiosperm, pollen grains are produced in the _____________. (Chapter 24) Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have ____________________. What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell? List the major characteristics of animals. Only 5 % of all animals have __________________________. Many small aquatic organisms move oxygen & carbon dioxide through their skin by the process of _____________________. When an animal’s environment changes, sexual reproduction improves a species’ ability to ____________. (Change with time) An animal that has distinct right & left sides shows ________________ symmetry. Organisms that spend their entire lives attached to one spot are said to be ____________. Many sponges protect themselves from predators by producing ______________. Cnidocytes help a cnidarian survive by _______________ prey. Which animals are the simplest animals to have body symmetry? What two functions do nematocysts perform? Food enters a flatworm’s body cavity through a muscular tube called a(n) _____________. Some flatworms have clusters of nerve cells that control the nervous system. Each cluster is called a(n) ______________. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. How many openings does the digestive system of a roundworm have? In earthworms, food is ground into small pieces in the___________. The body of a(n) ________ has segments. The thin layer of tissue that covers a mollusk’s body is called the __________. The spade-shaped burrowing structure of one group of mollusks & the tentacles of another group are both modifications of the _________. 39. What does molting enable arthropods to do?__________. 40. Arthropods are classified based on the # and structure of their body ______& ________. 41. The easiest way to tell whether an arthropod is an insect of a spider is to count its _______! 42. The respiratory organ in terrestrial chelicerates is the _________________. 43. List the body sections of an insect: 44. In an echinoderm, the structure that operates like a living suction cup is the _______________. 45. In chordates, the long supporting rod that runs through the whole body is called the ________. 46. A vertebrate is a chordate that has a ______________. 47. Most fishes are characterized by three characteristics… List them: 48. In most fishes the structures that are moist important for obtaining oxygen from water are the: 49. The organ that adjusts the buoyancy of many bony fishes is the ______________. 50. Most amphibians exist as __________ larvae that breathe with ____ and as _______ adults that breathe with _________. 51. In a frog, the cavity through which digestive wastes, urine, eggs or sperm leave the body is the ___________. 52. What is the function of a frog’s tympanic membrane? 53. In what way is the body plan of a snake different from that of a typical reptile? 54. How do snakes locate their prey? 55. What is the difference between a reptile egg and an amphibian egg? 56. What is an endotherm? 57. The largest order of birds consists of ____________. 58. How can you look at a bird’s beak and tell what it eats? List examples. (refer to bird beak worksheet in foldable!...a hooked bill and sharp talons would indicate that the bird eats meat & therefore is a bird of prey); 59. What characterizes mammals (List at least 3 characteristics). 60. To determine whether a vertebrate is a bird of a mammal, it would be useful to know if it has has ___________or __________. 61. What organ is used to feed newborn mammals? 62. Describe the mammalian circulatory system. 63. ___________(_________________)are egg-laying mammals. 64. What is a marsupium? 65. What is the function of the placenta? 66. Primates have opposable ________________,____________vision, & a well developed ______________. 67. What is meant by bipedal locomotion?