Download Biology Study Guide 2nd Semester Exam

Biology Study Guide 2nd Semester Exam ANSWERS
Chapters 19-22, 26-28, 30-32
1. Be able to recognize the three shapes of bacteria (you are only responsible for cocci-ROUND,
bacilli-ROD-SHAPED & spirillia-SPIRAL SHAPED)
2. How are prokaryotic bacteria identified / classified?
bacteria/prokaryotes can be identified by their shapes
3. Bacteria are sometimes called nature’s recyclers because they break down nutrients in dead
matter.
4. Bacteria that break down nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by
plant roots are called decomposers.
5. All viruses are made of proteins and nucleic acids.
6. The population of small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean is called
phytoplankton.
7. All fungi absorb their food.
8. A mushroom is a fungal fruiting body.
9. Fungi that absorb food from decaying organic matter are called saprobes.
10. A plant is a multicellular, eukaryote.
11. Seed-bearing plants differ from all other plants in that their gametes do not require water in
order for fertilization to occur.
12. The gametophytes of gymnosperms live inside reproductive structures called cones.
13. The 4 groups of gymnosperms are: conifers, cycads, ginkoes, & gnetophytes.
14. Angiosperms produce seeds inside protective structures called ovaries.
15. The # of seed leaves distinguishes two classes of angiosperms.
16. List the differences between monocots & dicots.
MONOCOTS
DICOTS
Seed Embryo with single cotyledon
Seed Embryo with two cotyledons
Flower parts in multiples of three
Major leaf veins parallel
Stem vacular bundles scattered
Roots are fibrous
Flower parts in multiples of four or five
Major leaf veins reticulated
Stem vascular bundles in a ring
Roots develop from taproot
17. Pollen grains are produced by male reproductive structures.
18. In angiosperms, reproduction takes place in flowers.
19. In an angiosperm, pollen grains are produced in the anther. (Chapter 24)
20. Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have cell walls.
21. What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, are larger, & have membrane bound organelles.
22. List the major characteristics of animals.
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic & do not have cell walls.
23. Only 5 % of all animals have vertebral columns.
24. Many small aquatic organisms move oxygen & carbon dioxide through their skin by the
process of diffusion.
25. When an animal’s environment changes, sexual reproduction improves a species’ ability to
evolve. (Change with time)
26. An animal that has distinct right & left sides shows bilateral symmetry.
27. Organisms that spend their entire lives attached to one spot are said to be sessile.
28. Many sponges protect themselves from predators by producing toxins.
29. Cnidocytes help a cnidarian survive by paralyzing prey.
30. Which animals are the simplest animals to have body symmetry?Cnidarians (like jellyfish)
31. What two functions do nematocysts perform? Defense & capturing prey
32. Food enters a flatworm’s body cavity through a muscular tube called a(n) pharynx.
33. Some flatworms have clusters of nerve cells that control the nervous system. Each cluster is
called a(n) ganglion.
34. How many openings does the digestive system of a roundworm have? two
35. In earthworms, food is ground into small pieces in the gizzard.
36. The body of a(n) annelid has segments.
37. The thin layer of tissue that covers a mollusk’s body is called the mantle.
38. The spade-shaped burrowing structure of one group of mollusks & the tentacles of another
group are both modifications of the foot.
39. What does molting enable arthropods to do? To grow.
40. Arthropods are classified based on the # and structure of their body segments & appendages.
41. The easiest way to tell whether an arthropod is an insect of a spider is to count its legs!
42. The respiratory organ in terrestrial chelicerates is the book lung.
43. List the body sections of an insect.head, thorax & abdomen
44. In an echinoderm, the structure that operates like a living suction cup is the tube foot.
45. In chordates, the long supporting rod that runs through the whole body is called the notocord.
46. A vertebrate is a chordate that has a backbone.
47. Most fishes are characterized by three characteristics… List them.gills, scales & paired fins.
48. In most fishes the structures that are moist important for obtaining oxygen from water are the
gills.
49. The organ that adjusts the buoyancy of many bony fishes is the swim bladder.
50. Most amphibians exist as aquatic larvae that breathe with gills and as terrestrial adults that
breathe with lungs.
51. In a frog, the cavity through which digestive wastes, urine, eggs or sperm leave the body is the
cloaca.
52. What is the function of a frog’s tympanic membrane? Allows the frog to hear.
53. In what way is the body plan of a snake different from that of a typical reptile?Snakes have no
legs.
54. How do snakes locate their prey? By collecting chemicals from the air by the flick of their
tongue, some have heat sensing pits in their heads, and they can feel vibrations.
55. What is the difference between a reptile egg and an amphibian egg?Amphibian eggs must
develop in water because they do not have a hard outer covering. Reptilian eggs are
surrounded by a protective shell & membranes.
56. What is an endotherm?
An endotherm is “warm blooded…& can generate its own body heat.
57. The largest order of birds consists of perching birds.
58. How can you look at a bird’s beak and tell what it eats? List examples.
(refer to bird beak worksheet in foldable!...a hooked bill and sharp talons would indicate that the
bird eats meat & therefore is a bird of prey);
59. What characterizes mammals (List at least 3 characteristics).hair, mammary glands,
endothermy
60. To determine whether a vertebrate is a bird of a mammal, it would be useful to know if it has
has hair or feathers.
61. What organ is used to feed newborn mammals? Mammary gland
62. Describe the mammalian circulatory system.Two separate loops powered by a fourchambered heart.
63. Monotremes (duck-billed platypus)are egg-laying mammals.
64. What is a marsupium? A mammal whose young complete their development in an external
pouch on the body of the female.(EX: kangaroo, opossum)
65. What is the function of the placenta?
To exchange materials between the embryo & its mother.
66. Primates have opposable digits, binocular vision, & a well developed cerebrum.
67. What is meant by bipedal locomotion?walking on two feet.