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Earth/Space Science Pretest 2014-2015 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. The supercontinent in the continental drift hypothesis was called ____. a. Panthalassa c. Mesosaurus b. Pangaea d. Africa ____ 2. How did opponents of continental drift account for the existence of similar fossils on widely separated continents? a. parallel evolution c. large ocean rafts b. oceanic currents d. migration across land bridges ____ 3. A divergent boundary at two continental plates can result in a ____. a. rift valley c. continental volcanic arc b. volcanic island arc d. subduction zone ____ 4. Typical rates of seafloor spreading are approximately ____. a. 50 centimeters per year c. 5 kilometers per year b. 5 meters per year d. 5 centimeters per year ____ 5. What process is illustrated by the area labeled G in Figure 9-1? a. seafloor spreading c. rifting b. continental volcanism d. subduction ____ 6. If a deep ocean trench is located adjacent to a continent, active volcanoes would likely be found ____. a. seaward from the trench c. at the ends of the trench b. along the axis of the trench d. landward from the trench ____ 7. Why are subduction zones not commonly found at convergent continental-continental boundaries? a. b. c. d. Continental lithosphere is too buoyant to be forced down into the mantle. Subduction zones are never found at convergent boundaries. Oceanic lithosphere is too buoyant to be forced down into the mantle. Continental lithosphere is too dense to be forced down into the mantle. ____ 8. What happens to the intensity of solar energy as latitude increases? a. It stays the same. c. It decreases. b. It increases. d. It doubles. ____ 9. Which region is located between 23.5° north and south of the equator? a. temperate zone c. polar zone b. tropical zone d. desert zone ____ 10. The temperature of a body of water influences ____. a. the temperature of the air above it c. the formation of deserts b. global warming d. vegetation patterns ____ 11. Global winds move warm air toward the ____. a. equator c. atmosphere b. oceans d. poles ____ 12. What do plants release into the air during transpiration? a. pollen c. carbon dioxide b. water vapor d. complex sugars ____ 13. Which greenhouse gas is the most powerful absorber of radiation emitted by Earth? a. carbon dioxide c. nitrogen b. methane d. water vapor ____ 14. During the twentieth century, Earth’s average surface temperature ____. a. increased c. stayed the same b. decreased d. fluctuated wildly ____ 15. Which of the following is an example of human impact on climate changes? a. the greenhouse effect c. global warming b. changes in solar output d. changes in the tilt of Earth’s axis ____ 16. Which statement best explains why global warming may lead to an increase in the number and intensity of hurricanes? a. Sea level will rise. b. Ocean temperatures will increase. c. The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will increase. d. Droughts will decrease. ____ 17. The greatest number of thunderstorms occur in the ____. a. middle latitudes c. mountains b. tropics d. high latitudes ____ 18. A rotating column of air is called a(n) ____. a. hurricane b. anticyclone c. vortex d. cumulonimbus cloud ____ 19. Hurricanes are classified according to intensity using the ____. a. Richter scale c. Saffir-Simpson scale b. Doppler scale d. Fujita scale ____ 20. A cold, dry air mass that moves over warm, tropical waters will likely become ____. a. colder and drier c. colder and wetter b. warmer and drier d. warmer and wetter ____ 21. The boundary that separates different air masses is called a(n) ____. a. front c. anticyclone b. cyclone d. storm ____ 22. What type of front forms when the surface position of the front does not move? a. warm c. stationary b. cold d. occluded ____ 23. According to the big bang theory, the universe began about ____. a. 4.5 billion years ago c. 49.6 billion years ago b. 13.7 billion years ago d. 130 billion years ago ____ 24. Which of the following supports the big bang theory? a. pulsars c. galactic clusters b. cosmic background radiation d. irregular galaxies ____ 25. One astronomical unit (AU) averages about ____. a. 39 million kilometers c. 150 million kilometers b. 93 million kilometers d. 210 million kilometers ____ 26. A measure of the total amount of matter an object contains is called ____. a. density c. volume b. mass d. weight ____ 27. The force that gravity exerts on an object is called ____. a. mass c. density b. weight d. volume ____ 28. According to the third law of planetary motion, the period of revolution of a planet is related to the planet’s ____. a. distance to the sun c. gravitational attraction b. size d. orbital speed ____ 29. The formation of the solar system from a huge cloud of dust and gases is called the ____. a. protoplanet theory c. planetesimal theory b. nebular theory d. solar theory ____ 30. The Jovian planets contain a large percentage of the gases ____. a. nitrogen and argon c. oxygen and nitrogen b. hydrogen and helium d. hydrogen and oxygen ____ 31. Which planet shows evidence of water erosion? a. Mars c. Jupiter b. Venus d. Mercury ____ 32. Which planet has a cratered surface similar to Earth’s moon? a. Mars c. Mercury b. Venus d. Saturn ____ 33. Which of the following planets does NOT have rings? a. Mars c. Neptune b. Uranus d. Saturn ____ 34. Which part of the sun lies directly above the visible “surface” of the sun? a. photosphere c. corona b. chromosphere d. ionosphere ____ 35. The thin red rim seen around the sun during a total solar eclipse is called the ____. a. aurora c. corona b. chromosphere d. photosphere ____ 36. The sun’s surface is made up mostly of ____. a. helium b. ammonia c. hydrogen d. oxygen ____ 37. What layer of Earth is labeled C in Figure 8-2? a. the crust c. the mantle b. the asthenosphere d. the lithosphere ____ 38. What layer of Earth is labeled E in Figure 8-2? a. the continental crust c. the oceanic crust b. the lithosphere d. the mantle ____ 39. What layer of Earth is labeled B in Figure 8-2? a. the continental crust c. the oceanic crust b. the lithosphere d. the mantle ____ 40. The inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—were formed by ____. a. supernovas b. repeated collisions of asteroid-sized debris c. masses of cold hydrogen and helium d. collisions with large galaxies ____ 41. According to the nebular hypothesis, our solar system formed from a huge rotating cloud made mostly of ____. a. carbon and hydrogen c. oxygen and helium b. helium and hydrogen d. nitrogen and oxygen ____ 42. Earth’s four major spheres are the ____. a. hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere b. hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere c. hydrosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere d. hydrosphere, geosphere, lithosphere, and asthenosphere ____ 43. Which of Earth’s spheres includes the oceans, groundwater, lakes, and glaciers? a. the atmosphere c. the biosphere b. the hydrosphere d. the geosphere ____ 44. The life-forms of the biosphere are located in the ____. a. geosphere only b. hydrosphere and atmosphere only c. atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere d. hydrosphere only ____ 45. What force causes most of the erosion in desert areas? a. wind c. running water b. gravity d. ice ____ 46. Why can a heavy rain shower cause a large amount of erosion in a desert area? a. Temperatures are very high. b. Streams overflow easily. c. There is a lack of vegetation to hold the soil in place. d. Desert ground cannot absorb any water. ____ 47. The action of abrasion can best be described as ____. a. windblown sand cutting and polishing exposed rock surfaces b. coarse sand particles rolling along the desert surface c. sand being blown high into the air to cut and carve rock formations d. the wind creating desert pavement ____ 48. Which ocean has the greatest average depth? a. Atlantic c. Indian b. Pacific ____ 49. The largest of Earth’s oceans is the ____. a. Pacific b. Atlantic d. Arctic c. Indian d. Arctic ____ 50. According to Figure 14-1, which of the following statements about the distribution of land and water is true? a. The percentage of land and water is roughly equal in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. b. The Southern Hemisphere is covered by much more water than the Northern Hemisphere. c. The Northern Hemisphere is covered by much more water than the Southern Hemisphere. d. Earth is covered by more land than water. ____ 51. Which ocean in Figure 14-1 is represented by Point A? a. Pacific b. Atlantic c. Indian d. Arctic ____ 52. Which of the following occurs at the continental margin in the Pacific Ocean? a. volcanic activity c. plate interactions b. earthquakes d. all of the above ____ 53. Where does seafloor spreading occur? a. at convergent plates b. on seamounts c. near the ocean surface d. at divergent plates ____ 54. The energy that drives surface ocean currents comes from ____. a. salinity variations c. temperature differences b. wind d. wave action ____ 55. Which of the following can cause an increase in the density of ocean water? a. a decrease in temperature c. a decrease in ocean circulation b. an increase in salinity d. both a and b ____ 56. All of the energy that drives Earth’s rock cycle comes from ____. a. the wind b. Earth’s interior and the sun c. the breakdown of organic matter d. the movement of water over Earth’s surface ____ 57. The water cycle is the ____. a. distribution of drinking water on Earth b. unending circulation of Earth’s water supply c. the recycling of water after industrial use d. the evaporation of water from Earth’s surface ____ 58. Plants release water into the atmosphere through a process called ____. a. evaporation c. infiltration b. transpiration d. precipitation ____ 59. Balance in the water cycle means that ____. a. the average annual precipitation over Earth equals the amount of water that evaporates b. water that falls to Earth only enters oceans c. the amount of water that falls to Earth weighs the same as the amount that condenses in clouds d. water that evaporates from Earth’s surface remains forever in the atmosphere ____ 60. The average annual precipitation worldwide must equal the quantity of water ____. a. evaporated c. infiltrated b. transpired d. locked in glaciers Earth/Space Science Pretest 2014-2015 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 2. ANS: OBJ: STA: 3. ANS: OBJ: STA: 4. ANS: OBJ: STA: 5. ANS: OBJ: STA: 6. ANS: OBJ: STA: 7. ANS: OBJ: STA: 8. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 9. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 10. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 11. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 12. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 13. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 14. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 15. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 248 9.1 Describe the hypothesis of continental drift. STA: SC.912.E.6.3 | SC.912.E.6.1 knowledge D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 249 9.3 Identify the main objections to Wegner’s hypothesis of continental drift. SC.912.E.6.3 | SC.912.E.6.1 BLM: knowledge A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 264 9.9 Explain what happens at the three types of plate boundaries. SC.912.E.6.3 | SC.912.E.6.1 BLM: analysis D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 256 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction. SC.912.E.6.3 | SC.912.E.6.1 BLM: knowledge D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 265 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction. SC.912.E.6.3 | SC.912.E.6.1 BLM: analysis D PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 265 9.9 Explain what happens at the three types of plate boundaries. SC.912.E.6.3 | SC.912.E.6.1 BLM: application A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 266 9.5 Explain the processes of sea-floor spreading and subduction. SC.912.E.6.3 | SC.912.E.6.1 BLM: evaluation C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 589 21.1 Describe how latitude affects climate. STA: SC.912.E.7.4 analysis B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 589 21.1 Describe how latitude affects climate. STA: SC.912.E.7.4 knowledge A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 590 21.3 Describe how large bodies of water affect climate. STA: SC.912.E.7.4 application D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 591 21.4 Describe how global winds affect climate. STA: SC.912.E.7.4 knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 591 21.5 Describe how vegetation affects climate. STA: SC.912.E.7.4 knowledge D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 603 21.14 Define global warming. STA: SC.912.E.7.7 knowledge A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 602 21.14 Define global warming. STA: SC.912.E.7.7 knowledge C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 602 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. OBJ: BLM: ANS: OBJ: ANS: OBJ: BLM: ANS: OBJ: STA: ANS: OBJ: STA: ANS: OBJ: ANS: OBJ: ANS: OBJ: ANS: OBJ: STA: ANS: OBJ: STA: ANS: OBJ: STA: ANS: OBJ: STA: ANS: OBJ: STA: ANS: OBJ: STA: ANS: OBJ: BLM: ANS: OBJ: BLM: ANS: OBJ: BLM: ANS: OBJ: BLM: 21.14 Define global warming. STA: SC.912.E.7.7 application B PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 603 21.15 List some of the consequences of global warming. BLM: analysis B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 572 20.8 Explain the formation of a thunderstorm. STA: SC.912.E.7.6 application C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 573 20.9 Describe the conditions needed for a tornado to form. SC.912.E.7.6 BLM: knowledge C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 574 20.10 Identify the conditions that must exist for a hurricane to form. SC.912.E.7.6 BLM: knowledge D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 559 20.1 Define air mass. BLM: application A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 564 20.5 Describe the formation of a front. BLM: knowledge C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 566 20.5 Describe the formation of a front. BLM: knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 720 25.11 Describe how the universe began according to the big bang theory. SC.912.E.5.1 BLM: knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 720 25.11 Describe how the universe began according to the big bang theory. SC.912.E.5.1 BLM: comprehension C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 618 22.3 Explain the contributions to astronomy of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. SC.912.E.5.6 | SC.912.N.2.4 BLM: knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 620 22.3 Explain the contributions to astronomy of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. SC.912.E.5.6 | SC.912.N.2.4 BLM: knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 620 22.3 Explain the contributions to astronomy of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. SC.912.E.5.6 | SC.912.N.2.4 BLM: comprehension A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 618 22.3 Explain the contributions to astronomy of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. SC.912.E.5.6 | SC.912.N.2.4 BLM: comprehension B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 647 23.2 Explain how the solar system formed. STA: SC.912.E.5.5 knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 646 23.2 Explain how the solar system formed. STA: SC.912.E.5.5 knowledge A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 653 23.3 Describe the distinguishing characteristics of each terrestrial planet. knowledge C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 650 23.3 Describe the distinguishing characteristics of each terrestrial planet. knowledge 33. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 34. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 35. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 36. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 37. ANS: OBJ: STA: 38. ANS: OBJ: STA: 39. ANS: OBJ: STA: 40. ANS: OBJ: STA: 41. ANS: OBJ: STA: 42. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 43. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 44. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 45. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 46. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 47. ANS: OBJ: BLM: 48. ANS: OBJ: STA: 49. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 651 23.3 Describe the distinguishing characteristics of each terrestrial planet. knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 686 24.7 Explain the structure of the sun. STA: SC.912.E.5.4 knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 686 24.7 Explain the structure of the sun. STA: SC.912.E.5.4 comprehension C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 685 24.7 Explain the structure of the sun. STA: SC.912.E.5.4 knowledge D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 235 8.10 List the layers of Earth based on composition and physical properties. SC.912.E.6.1 BLM: analysis D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 234 8.10 List the layers of Earth based on composition and physical properties. SC.912.E.6.1 BLM: analysis C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 235 8.10 List the layers of Earth based on composition and physical properties. SC.912.E.6.1 BLM: analysis B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 4 1.2 Describe the formation of Earth and the solar system. SC.912.E.5.5 BLM: knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 4 1.2 Describe the formation of Earth and the solar system. SC.912.E.5.5 BLM: knowledge A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 7 1.3 Describe Earth’s four major spheres. STA: SC.912.E.7.3 knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 8 1.3 Describe Earth’s four major spheres. STA: SC.912.E.7.3 comprehension C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 9 1.3 Describe Earth’s four major spheres. STA: SC.912.E.7.3 comprehension C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 202 7.5 Describe how running water affects deserts. STA: SC.912.E.6.2 comprehension C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 201 7.5 Describe how running water affects deserts. STA: SC.912.E.6.2 analysis A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 204 7.7 Describe two ways that wind can cause erosion. STA: SC.912.E.6.2 knowledge B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 395 14.2 List Earth’s four main ocean basins and identify their locations. SC.912.E.6.5 BLM: knowledge A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 395 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. OBJ: 14.2 List Earth’s four main ocean basins and identify their locations. STA: SC.912.E.6.5 BLM: knowledge ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 394 OBJ: 14.1 Recognize that most of Earth’s surface is covered by water. BLM: knowledge ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 395 OBJ: 14.2 List Earth’s four main ocean basins and identify their locations. STA: SC.912.E.6.5 BLM: knowledge ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 402 OBJ: 14.6 Differentiate between the continental margins of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. STA: SC.912.E.6.5 BLM: application ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 405 OBJ: 14.7 Explain the formation of new ocean floor at deep-ocean trenches, abyssal plains, and mid-ocean ridges. STA: SC.912.E.6.5 BLM: comprehension ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 448 OBJ: 16.1 Explain how surface currents develop. STA: SC.912.E.7.2 BLM: knowledge ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 451 OBJ: 16.4 Describe the formation of density currents. STA: SC.912.E.7.2 BLM: comprehension ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 69 OBJ: 3.4 List the forces that power Earth’s rock cycle. STA: SC.912.E.6.3 BLM: comprehension ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 158 OBJ: 6.1 Explain how the water cycle circulates Earth’s water supply in an unending cycle. STA: SC.912.E.7.1 BLM: knowledge ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 159 OBJ: 6.1 Explain how the water cycle circulates Earth’s water supply in an unending cycle. STA: SC.912.E.7.1 BLM: knowledge ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 159 OBJ: 6.2 Explain how the water cycle is kept in balance. STA: SC.912.E.7.1 BLM: analysis ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 159 OBJ: 6.2 Explain how the water cycle is kept in balance. STA: SC.912.E.7.1 BLM: application