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NG Biology Standard 3A Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Ms. Darlak, C2 Scappoose High School 2013 Name: ____________________ Period: ___________ Textbook: Biology: The Dynamics of Life. 2002. Chapter 9.1 (pp. 226-230) Chapter 9.2 (pp. 231-236) Chapter 9.3 (pp. 237-245) 1 Next Generation Biology 3A Rubric Unit 1 ECOLOGY Standard 3A Cellular Nutrient Cycling Essential Questions: How do we get energy from our food? How do we capture the suns energy? How can organisms that live in environments without oxygen get energy? HS-LS1-7 HS-LS1-5 HS-LS2-3 Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy. Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy. Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Learning Targets Beginning Proficient-1 Developing Proficient-2 Proficient-3 Highly Proficient-4 Score I can model and explain the process of cellular respiration in terms of a chemical reaction, where it occurs and why it is important to all living things. I can model and explain the process of photosynthesis in terms of a chemical reaction, where it occurs and why it is important to all living things. I can model all the reactants and products of cellular respiration in a balanced chemical reaction and explain its overall purpose in terms of energy. I can model all the reactants and products of photosynthesis in a balanced chemical reaction and explain its overall purpose in terms of energy. I can explain the process of fermentation or anaerobic respiration as a way for organisms to live in environments with out oxygen. I can explain how organisms can contribute to the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic environments. Aerobic Anaerobic ADP ATP Calvin Cycle Carbon Dioxide Cellular Respiration Chloroplast Citric Acid Chlorophyll Cristae Decomposition Reaction Vocabulary FAD Fermentation Glucose Granum Glycolisis Kreb’s Cycle 2 Lactic acid Matrix Mitochondria NAD+ NADP+ Oxygen Photosynthesis Pyruvic Acid Stroma Synthesis Reaction Thylakoid Water Chemical Reaction Equations Reactants Products Synthesis Reaction Examples: Decomposition Reaction Examples: ENERGY in a Cell 9.1 pp. 226-230 MULTIPLE CHOICE: CIRCLE ALL THE ANSWERS THAT ARE TRUE, THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWER! All organisms get the ENERGY they need to regenerate ATP from __________________________ A. phosphates B. foods like glucose C. organelles D. ADP CIRCLE ALL THE STATEMENTS THAT ARE TRUE about ATP. A. ATP consists of ribose sugar, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups B. ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate and releases energy. C. Used ATP is discarded by the cell as waste. D. ATP provides energy for active transport in cells. NAME THE CHEMICAL COMPOUND SHOWN BELOW THAT CELLS USE TO STORE ENERGY. _________ 3 LABEL THE PARTS THAT MAKE UP THIS MOLECULE: A= _________________________________ B= __________________________________ C=___________________________________ WHAT DOES ATP STAND FOR? A_______________________ T________________________________________ HOW MANY PHOSPHATES ARE IN ONE MOLECULE OF ADP? ____________ HOW MANY PHOSPHATES ARE IN ONE MOLECULE OF ATP? ____________ USE the words: ENERGY STORING and ENERGY RELEASING to label what is happening in the reactions shown below: (Hint: Look at what the phosphate group is doing !) _____________________________________ ____________________________________ Name 3 cellular ACTIVITIES that use the energy stored in ATP: _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS VOCABULARY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE (ADP) ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) CALVIN CYCLE CHLOROPHYLL ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN 4 GRANUM LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION PHOTOLYSIS NADP+ PHOTOSYNTHESIS PIGMENT STROMA THYLAKOID PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Trapping the Sun’s Energy Chapter 9-2 (pp 231-236) MULTIPLE CHOICE: CIRCLE ALL THAT ARE TRUE. THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWER! Pigments like (chlorophyll and carotene) are molecules that plants use to _________________________. A. join ATP B. transport electrons down the Electron Transport chain C. charge up NADPH D. absorb energy from light Chlorophyll absorbs light very well in the _______________ regions of the visible spectrum. (Circle all that are true) A. blue-violet B. green C. red D. yellow Most plants appear green because chlorophyll _________________________________________. A. reflects green light B. absorbs green light 5 A student conducts an experiment by collecting the gas given off by a green plant in bright sunlight at room temperature. The gas being collected is probably ___________________. A. ATP B. water vapor C. carbon dioxide D. oxygen Write the complete overall chemical equation for photosynthesis USING NUMBERS AND CHEMICAL SYMBOLS instead of words: ___________ __________________ + ___________________ → __________________ + ___________________ How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are used to make 1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) ? 1 2 3 6 12 In addition to water and carbon dioxide, what two things are required for photosynthesis to happen? _______________________ and _______________________ THINK ABOUT IT. Look at the diagram on page 232 in your book. If a plant is kept under green-colored light for an extended period of time, what do you think will happen to the rate of photosynthesis? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Why are the carotenoid colors (like red, orange, brown) visible in leaves in the fall, but not other times? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ How do other colored pigments like the carotenoids help chlorophyll carry out photosynthesis? __________________________________________________________________________________ WORD BANK- You can use them more than once! PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHLOROPLASTS CALVIN CYCLE ATP O2 H2O CO2 ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT THYLAKOID MEMBRANES HIGH ENERGY SUGARS STROMA NADPH 6 LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS PHOTOSYNTHESIS (ALL happens inside CHLOROPLAST) 7 MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter of the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question. The Calvin cycle is another name for __________________________ A. photosynthesis B. the electron transport chain C. light-dependent reactions D. light-independent reactions Why does the space inside the thylakoid become positively charged during the light-dependent reactions? A. ATP synthase pushes H+ ions from the stroma across the membrane into the space B. H+ ions build up in the space as water is split C. Electrons have a + charge and are released here by Photosystem II D. Carbon dioxide builds up in the stroma CIRCLE ALL THAT ARE TRUE about the LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION. A. High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain. B. Pigments in photosystems II and I absorb light. C. ATP synthase helps H+ ions in the thylakoid space to pass through the membrane to the stroma. D. ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars. CIRCLE ALL THAT ARE TRUE about the CALVIN CYCLE A. ATP is produced by ATP synthase and oxygen is released B. It is also called the light-independent reactions. C. ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used here D. High energy sugar compounds are made from CO2 Which step is the beginning of photosynthesis? A. Pigments in photosystem I absorb light. B. Pigments in photosystem II absorb light. C. High energy electrons move through the electron transport chain. D. ATP and NADPH produce high energy sugars. Which molecules act as carriers for energy and high energy electrons during photosynthesis? A. ATP B. O2 C. NADPH D. CO2 How is the Calvin cycle different from the light-dependent reactions? A. Calvin cycle takes place in chloroplasts. B. Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma. C. Calvin cycle requires light. D. Calvin cycle molecules are part of the thylakoid membrane. Oxygen produced during the light-dependent reaction is __________________________. A. used in the Calvin cycle to make sugar B. joined with the NADPH to make water C. is released into the atmosphere D. None of these, oxygen is NOT produced by the light-dependent reaction 8 Name 3 factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs. 1. ___________________________ 2. ___________________________ 3. ___________________________ MODIFIED TRUE or FALSE Circle T if the statement is TRUE. Circle F if the statement is FALSE and use the blank provided to correct the underlined word/phrase. T F Increasing light intensity decreases the rate of photosynthesis. _____________________ T F Carbon dioxide molecules enter the light-dependent reactions from the atmosphere. ______________________ T F Photosynthesis uses energy from ATP and high energy electrons from NADPH produced in the lightdependent reactions to make glucose in the Calvin cycle. ___________________ T F The light-dependent reaction produces ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide. _____________ T F Electrons are energized twice during photosynthesis. __________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS STARTS WITH 1. Molecules that collect light energy are called _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ . 2. Chlorophyll a and b absorb _B_ __ __ __-_V_ __ __ __ __ __ and _R_ __ __ wavelengths of light best. 3. _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is the main light absorbing pigment found in green plants. 4. Plants “look” green because chlorophyll _R_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ green light. 5. Organisms, like green plants, that can make their own food using energy from the sun are called _A_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. 6. The gel-filled space inside the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid stacks is called the _S_ __ __ __ __ __. 7. _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ I and II contain chlorophyll and absorb light energy during the _L_ __ __ __ __ _D_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ reactions. 8. During the light dependent reactions, H+ ions build up in the _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ space when _W_ __ __ __ __ molecules are split. 9. The enzymes for the light dependent reactions are found in the _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _M_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ , while the Calvin cycle happens in the _S_ __ __ __ __ __. 10. The stacks of thylakoids found inside chloroplasts are called _G_ __ __ __ __ . 11. The light independent reactions are also called the _C_ __ __ __ __ __ _C_ __ __ __ __. 9 12. _J_ __ __ __ __ __ _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ used a bell jar, candle, and plant to show plants give off something that candles need to burn. 13. Carbon and oxygen from _C_ __ __ __ __ __ _D_ __ __ __ __ __ __ end up as part of a_G_ __ __ __ __ __ __ molecule following the Calvin cycle. 14. _A_ __ __ and _N_ __ __ __ __ are made during the _L_ __ __ __ __ dependent reactions and carry energy and high energy electrons that are used during the Calvin cycle to produce _S_ __ __ __ __ __, like glucose. 15. The O in H2O is given off as_O_ __ __ __ __ __ gas to the atmosphere when water is split during the light dependent reactions. 16. Proteins in living things that help chemical reactions happen are called _E_ __ __ __ __ __ __ . 17. _M_ __ __ __ __ __ _C_ __ __ __ __ __ received the Nobel prize for figuring out the biochemical pathway used by plants to make glucose. 18. Orange and yellow colored pigments called _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ absorb different wavelengths of light and help chlorophyll use more of the sun’s energy. 19. _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ , amount of _W_ __ __ __ __ , and _L_ __ __ __ __ intensity are all factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. USE THE LETTERS IN THE DIAGRAM AT THE LEFT TO IDENTIFY: ______ stroma ______ thylakoid ______ granum ______ thylakoid space ______ cytoplasm 10 COLOR THE DIAGRAM ABOVE AS DESCRIBED: Color the energy from sunlight YELLOW Color the two photosystems GREEN Color the hydrogen ions PINK Color the electrons RED Color the PHOSPHOLIPIDS of the thylakoid membrane BLUE On which side of the membrane would you find the STROMA? A or B On which side of the membrane is the INNER THYLAKOID SPACE? A or On which side of the membrane does ATP formation happen? On which side of the membrane is water split? STROMA STROMA B THYLAKOID SPACE THYLAKOID SPACE On which side of the membrane is NADPH produced? STROMA THYLAKOID SPACE On which side of the membrane do H+ ions build up? STROMA THYLAKOID SPACE USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANK TO FILL IN THE CHART COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS AND THE CALVIN CYCLE: (You can use them more than once!) in stroma part of thylakoid membrane O2 ATP CO2 Requires light Doesn’t require light SUGARS (glucose) H2O NADPH LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS LOCATION REACTANTS PRODUCTS IS LIGHT REQUIRED? 11 CALVIN CYCLE 12 13 THINK ABOUT IT EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE: The chemical reactions of photosynthesis require enzymes (proteins) to make them happen. Enzymes work best in a certain temperature range. At temperatures on either side of this optimum range, photosynthesis will slow or stop. Which of these graphs represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis? ______ EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. ________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ EFFECT OF LIGHT: The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis require light. As light intensity increases, photosynthesis will also increase up to a point where the enzymes are working as fast as they can, all the carriers are full and cycling as quickly as they can, and photosynthesis can’t go any faster. Which of these graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? ______ EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. _________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14 CELLULAR RESPIRATION VOCABULARY GLYCOLYSIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION FERMENTATION ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN KREBS CYCLE ANAEROBIC AEROBIC GLUCOSE PYRUVIC ACID – molecule containing three carbons that is formed when glucose breaks apart during glycolysis, the first part of cellular respiration LACTIC ACID – molecule formed from pyruvic acid that accumulates in muscles during exercise when oxygen is not available NAD+ and FAD – electron carriers involved in glycolysis and cellular respiration CITRIC ACID – 6 carbon molecule that is broken down at the beginning of the Krebs cycle to release carbon dioxide CREATINE – natural substance found in muscles that regenerates ATP for extended energy for muscle activity which is used as a dietary supplement to increase muscle strength and performance CELLULAR RESPIRATION Getting Energy to Make ATP pp 237-245 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Circle ALL that are TRUE. There may be MORE THAN one correct answer. _______________________ is the first step in cellular respiration that begins releasing energy stored in glucose. A. Alcoholic fermentation B. Lactic acid fermentation 15 C. Glycolysis D. Electron transport chain If oxygen is NOT present, glycolysis is followed by _____________________ A. Krebs cycle B. electron transport chain C. fermentation Name the 3 carbon molecule produced when glucose is broken in half during glycolysis. A. pyruvic acid B. lactic acid C. Acetyl-CoA D. citric acid Since fermentation does not require oxygen it is said to be __________________. A. aerobic B. anaerobic Which high energy electron carrier is regenerated during fermentation that allows cells to continue to make ATP using glycolysis? A. NAD+ B. NADPH C. ATP D. ADP Name the TWO new high energy electron carriers used during cellular respiration that are different than the one used for photosynthesis. _________ _________ How many ATP molecules are added to get glycolysis started? _________ Since glycolysis produces 4 ATP molecules, this results in a NET GAIN of _____ ATP’s MATCH THE LETTER IN THE DIAGRAM WITH THE LABEL: (You can use them MORE THAN ONCE) ______ MATRIX ______ INTERMEMBRANE SPACE ______ CYTOPLASM ______ OUTER MEMBRANE ______ INNER MEMBRANE (CRISTAE) ______ Place GLYCOLYSIS happens Write the complete overall chemical equation for cellular respiration using chemical symbols instead of words: ____________ + _______________ → ________________+_________________+________________ Compare this reaction to the one you learned about last chapter for PHOTOSYNTHSIS (6 H2O + 6 CO2 + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2) How are these equations related? _____________________________________________________________________ Write the equations for the two kind of fermentation: 16 Alcoholic fermentation _________________+_______________→_________________+_________________ +______________ Lactic acid fermentation ___________________+_________________→___________________+_________________ Tell the kind of fermentation used in each example: Yeast uses this to make bread dough rise ________________________ Your muscle cells use this during rapid exercise when oxygen is low ________________ Bacteria and yeast use this to make beer and wine _____________________ Bacteria use this to make cheese, yogurt, and sour cream ___________________ If alcoholic fermentation is used to make bread dough rise, how come you don’t become intoxicated when you eat the bread? ____________________________________________________________________________________ The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the answer or answers that best complete the statement or answer the question. (THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE RIGHT ANSWER.) 1. Which of the following shows the correct sequence during cellular respiration? A. Electron transport chain → glycolysis → Krebs cycle B. Glycolysis → Electron transport chain → Krebs cycle C. Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain → glycolysis D. Glycolysis → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain 2. Where do the carbon atoms in pyruvic acid end up following the Krebs cycle? A. They enter the electron transport chain and make ATP B. They become part of a carbon dioxide molecule and end up in the atmosphere C. They join with citric acid to make Acetyl-CoA D. They build up in the intermembrane space 3. Because cellular respiration requires oxygen it is said to be _________________ A. aerobic B. anaerobic 4. How many total ATP molecules are produced by 1 molecule of glucose completing cellular respiration ? 2 6 24 36 5. How many total CO2 molecules are produced by 1 molecule of glucose completing cellular respiration? 2 6 24 36 6. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE PRODUCED DURING THE KREBS CYCLE? A. ATP B. NADH C. FADH2 CO2 D. 17 7. What molecule is the final electron acceptor at the end of the Electron transport chain? A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. glucose D. NADH 8. The movement of which ion across the membrane from the intermembrane space to the matrix causes ATP synthase to spin and make ATP? A. Na+ ions B. oxygen C. H+ ions D. water 9. Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? A. glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. Electron transport D. Acetyl-CoA charging 10. Which of the following happens during the Electron Transport chain? (Circle all that are true) A. Energy from the moving electrons transports H+ ions into the intermembrane space B. Carbon dioxide is released C. Energy from H+ ions crossing back into the matrix causes ATP synthase to make ATP. D. Water is produced Name the ? molecule that joins in this reaction to make Acetyl-CoA. A. ATP B. NADP+ C. Coenzyme A D. citric acid If oxygen is present, what will happen to the NADH produced in this reaction? A. Its electrons will enter the Electron transport chain B. It will donate its H+ ions to make glucose C. It will join with ATP to make citric acid D. It will join with oxygen to make CO2 Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms when Acetyl-CoA joins its 2 carbons to a 4 carbon molecule during the Krebs cycle. A. ATP B. pyruvic acid C. glucose D. citric acid 18 MATCH THE LETTER IN THE DIAGRAM WITH THE LABEL: (You can use them MORE THAN ONCE or NOT AT ALL) ______ Place where glycolysis happens ______ Place where Krebs cycle happens ______ Place where enzymes for the Electron Transport Chain are located ______ Place that fills with H+ ions as electrons move down the Electron transport chain ______ Place where ADP and P join to make ATP during Electron transport ______ Place where oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor to make water Word Bank for Drawing Cellular Respiration (may be used more than once) NADH FADH2 NAD FAD Intermembrane Space Cristea Matrix Fermentation O2 H2O ATP H+ Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvic acid Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis 19 C ADP Lactic acid With oxygen Without oxygen Kreb’s Cycle 20 Electron Transport Chain 21 Name:___________________________ Period:________ 3A Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Pre-Standard Vocabulary: Match the phrases on the left with the term that best fits. Use answers only one time. (1 point each) ____1. Organisms that make their own food A. Chloroplasts ____2. Site of photosynthesis B. Aneorobic ____3. Process occurs in a mitochondrion C. Aerobic ____4. C6H12O6 D. Glucose ____5. Process does not require oxygen E. ATP ____6. Process requires oxygen F. cell respiration ____7. Adenosine diphosphate G. Glycolysis ____8. Energy storing molecule of the cell H. Heterotrophs ____9. The anaerobic process of splitting glucose and forming two molecules of pyruvic acid I. ADP J. Autotrophs ____10. Organisms that do not make their own food Directions: Answer each of the following questions in a clear and concise manner.(6 points each) 11. Describe in your own words what photosynthesis is and why it is important. 12. Name the two stages of photosynthesis and list the starting molecule(s) or reactants and ending molecule(s) or products of each. Stages Starting Molecule(s) 22 Product(s) 13. What is the general chemical equation of photosynthesis? Use both words and formula form. 14. Explain how the equations for photosynthesis and respiration are related. 15. Fill in the chart comparing and contrasting cell respiration and photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Cell Respiration Organelle for process Reactants Cycle of chemical reactions Products 16. Animals do not perform photosynthesis; however, it is essential to our survival. Explain this. 17. Discuss how cells store energy and release energy using ATP. Be specific! You may draw the cycle to help with your explanation if you need to. 18. Describe in your own words what cell respiration is and why it is needed. 19. Write the equation for cell respiration in words and chemical formula form. 23 20. In what step of cell respiration does glucose get broken down? What does it get broken down to and why must it be broken down? 21. Why can all organisms (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) use glycolysis but not all organisms use the Kreb’s cycle and ETC (only eukaryotes do)? 22. What is the difference in an aerobic process and anaerobic process? 23. Name the three processes of aerobic cellular respiration. How many ATP’s does each process produce, and what is the total ATP produced from one glucose? 3 Processes of Cellular Respiration: # ATP produced: Total ATP per 1 glucose =__________ 24. What is fermentation and why is it used? 25. Our bodies use fermentation when our muscles lack oxygen. What is the type of fermentation used by us? Bacteria and yeast also use fermentation in the process of making bread, cheese and yogurt. What type of fermentation do they use? 24