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Name:________________________ Period:________________________ Mr. Hayward Adventures in World History Ancient China (古老中國) Directions: Follow along with the PowerPoint presentation and fill in the blank spaces accordingly. I. Geography of China For thousands of years, the ancient Chinese thought they were pretty much alone on the ________________. They knew there were people to the north, the Felt Tent People - _____________ - but they did not know that other advanced ancient civilizations existed anywhere else. China's natural barriers to the west, south, and east helped to ______________ these early people from _________________. China's natural barriers include seas - the __________ Sea and the ______________ Sea, both located in the _____________ Ocean. These seas provide a huge coastline, which provided trade routes and easy access to food. II. Early China & Xia Dynasty - 10,000 BCE to 1500 BCE Chinese civilization started around ______________ BCE, when a group called the __________________ settled near the Huang He River. Archaeologists have uncovered many _______________ in __________ China. About 3,000 BCE, another farming group appeared the __________________. The Lungshan were very ______________ for their time. They _______________________, and used it to weave fine fabrics. They used the potters wheel. They ________________________ in ovens, and used them to build their _____________________. 1 Ancient Story Ancient Story: On a warm spring day, in Xia times, some children went out in the fields to play. In those days, if you had a problem you went to see the local wise woman. In this village, the wise woman's name was Loawnu. Alarmed at what they saw in the fields, the children ran up the hill to Loawnu's house. "Loawnu," they shouted. "The sky is falling down!" Loawnu smiled at the children. "Don't be worried. Find all the pieces of sky that have fallen, and bring them to me. I'll sew them together again in time for the festival." The spring festival was nearing. This was a time when the young people gathered from many villages to meet one another and to find husbands and wives. The children's village had been honored this year as the meeting village. It would be a horrible time for the sky to fall down. The village would be disgraced! Off the children ran to pick up the pieces. But some were missing! "Loawnu!" cried the children, as they tore up the hill, breathing heavily. Loawnu only smiled. The next day, the children ran outside and looked up. The sky looked as it always looked on a warm spring day, clean and fresh and blue. They were so happy. That night, they were amazed! The sky had always been dark at night. That night, it was filled with light! Loawnu had patched the missing pieces of sky with bright twinkling light! How beautiful! How clever! We shall have the happiest spring festival in all the land! How lucky we are to know Loawnu! All the village agreed. 2 III. Shang & Chou/Zhou Dynasties Shang and Chou times are known for their use of ______, bronze, horsedrawn chariots, _________________, highly organized armies, and _________________________ Cities were surrounded by ___________________ walls. One city was surrounded by a wall ______ feet high________ feet thick, and ________ miles long! Inside these walled cities lived the ________, priests, and warriors. ______________ and __________________ lived in mud houses built up against the outside walls of the cities. Farmers lived in nearby _________. _______________________, which changed the way people ate their food. Ancestor worship Ancestor worship was very important to the early Shang kings and nobles. It was a way of life. When a man died, the ancient Chinese believed his spirit lived on in the afterworld. They believed their ancestors had magical powers. These magical powers allowed their ancestors to punish them or to help them. To keep their ancestors happy, they brought gifts of food and wine to special places or temples. They held many celebrations to honor their ancestors. Oracle Bones: To communicate with their ancestors, the Shang kings used oracle bones (sometimes called dragon bones). Here's how it worked: The king or emperor would ask a question, for example, will it rain tomorrow? The priest would carve the king's question on an oracle bone, which was just an animal bone or turtle shell. (Will it rain tomorrow?) Then, the priest would heat a bronze pin and hold the hot pin to the bone. This created a pattern of cracks over the bone. The priest (who was usually a woman) would study the cracks to find the answer to the question. 3 Archaeologists have found over 100,000 oracle bones. Since many questions were asked about daily life, we know something about this civilization. The thing is, they didn't exactly ask "Will it rain tomorrow?" Oracle bones say things like: "If we sacrifice 10 men or 5 oxen, will it rain tomorrow?" The Shang kings sacrificed a great number of people to talk to their ancestors. Some of those sacrificed were enemies, captured in war. Some were slaves or people who were sick or deformed. Some were merchants, craftsmen, or farmers who had upset the nobles. Some were nobles who had upset the king. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Family: For both the rich and the poor, the family was all important. The _________________ was the head of the family. If one member of a family did something wrong, the entire family was in ______________. In the nobles, marriages were _____________________ to strengthen or to create a union between two __________________________________. The young ________________ their _____________ without a fuss. This was an important part of ancestor worship. Even a ___________________ with many servants might patch his father's robe with his own hands. Children looked forward to the day when they would be _______________, and their children would honor them. The role of the _________________ was to be gentle, calm, _________________, and to ___________________ her husband. In ancient China, ______________________________ were so important that they were nearly sacred. Shang & Chou kings and nobles: The rich lived in _________________ and palaces made of ________________and _______________. They had tall _________________ candlesticks. They used bronze drinking cups. (Shang leaders were famous for their drinking bouts.) 4 They loved to ______________. Their bronze weapons were decorated with elaborate designs. ____________________________ was very popular, both as a sport and, in late Chou times, as a method __________________________. (Chariots had not worked very well as the landscape was rather bumpy and rugged.) The nobles wore elaborate gowns of _____________ and lived in large, brick homes with tiled _______________________. They were lavishly decorated and ______________________. Jugs of ______________ lined the walkways. The air was _____________________with flowers in the gardens and ___________________ from pots of food steaming on stoves. They were buried in ___________________________. Unlike the ancient ___________________________, the Shang and Chou were buried with ____________________________. In their ________________, archaeologists have found entire ___________________, objects of art, and the remains of __________________ and ____________________ who accompanied kings to their _____________________. Warriors: The leaders of different ________________ were continually waging war with each other. Warriors were ________________________in bronze armor that went to battle in _______________________________ made of wood and bronze. They wore bronze __________________ and carried daggers, ___________________, and axes. Each chariot had a _____________________, a spearman, and an __________________. Behind them, came the _______________________, who were usually ____________________, forced to leave their fields. Foot soldiers wore ____________________ and __________________________. 5 Farmers: Most people were ________________ (peasants). Their life was ________________________. Farmers lived in nearby villages. Their homes were very ___________________. In the summer, peasants lived on the ____________________ near their fields. Summer homes were made of ______________________ branches. In the winter, they moved to their _______________________ homes in the villages. Winter homes were drafty, one room houses with _______________________ or tile roofs, dirt floors and no _________________________. The walls were made of mud. Doors faced south. Each family had their own _______________________. They farmed small plots of land with primitive _____________ and ____________________tools. They did not _______________ the land. They worked the land ______________ to them by the royals and the nobles. They had to give the ____________________ part of the __________________ they grew. They were also expected to give _____________ to the nobleman of ______________or silk. They worked without _________________ on the noble's house, roads, and bridges. They pretty much ________________________ all the time. Their gods were the gods of ______________, the ___________ god, the ________________god, the ___________________ god. They believed in many gods, but the most powerful was the sky god, __________________ the king of gods. To the peasants, T'ien was more brilliant and more powerful than any ___________________ king. As in Xia times, the earliest times, each year they celebrated the _______________________ Festival. Several _________________________ would gather for the Festival. Unlike the nobles, __________________________ were rarely arranged. 6 Boys and girls met each other at the Spring _______________________. This is when young boys and girls found __________________ and __________________. Girls were about _____________ years old when they married. Boys were about the same age, or a little older. It was during ___________________ times that the Spring Festival evolved into what we call today _______________________________. Merchants and Craftsmen: Since this group did not produce ___________________ and were not part of the _______________________, they were outside the class structure. Like ___________________, they were hardly considered ________________. In times of _________________, when the city was __________________, they were not taken inside the _____________________ walls, but were left to fend for themselves as best they could. 7 IV. Qin Dynasty (pronounced chin) 221 BCE - 206 BCE Many dynasties in Ancient China lasted for hundreds of years. But the Qin Dynasty lasted for only ______________________. Yet, First Emperor _______________accomplished an amazing amount of change! Qin was the first man to control all of _____________________. He did not want to be called a _________________. He called himself First ____________________ Qin. He died of _________________________ causes. But in the short time that he ruled China, he readied China to be pulled together as ________________________. But at what cost? First Emperor Qin was a legalist. Legalists believe that people are basically __________________. They believe that it is necessary to ________________ and _________________ every minute of people's lives. Qin ran his dynasty with _____________________________ and swift harsh ___________________________. It was illegal to _____________________ about Qin's government. If you simply suggested that things might be improved, you could be put to _____________________ without a trial. Qins’ changes Bureaucracy - He divided his empire into ______________________. Each province was divided into _______________________. He put two government officials in charge of each province. Spy System - People had to spy on each other - it was the ________________. Land: First Emperor Qin took land away from the ______________________. 8 Law Code: He introduced a new law code that applied to ___________________. Peasants: Peasants were ____________________ a job. They were either assigned the job of _____________ or of a___________________ maker. Censorship: Qin practiced total censorship. All ________________ he considered useless were ______________________. The more time people spent _______________________, the less time they had to grow food. Standardization: He introduced one system of _________________, measures, _________________, written language, and ________________. End of Qin Dynasty Qin did not think his _____________ was ________________________. He did do many good things – Dams, __________________, Great Wall began. Saved thousands of _________________ He died of _____________________ causes in 210 B.C.E. ______________________ took over Was overthrown by a man who started a new dynasty – The _______________ Dynasty. V. The Han Dynasty 200 BCE to 200 CE Han Introduction: This was not the_______________________ Age of China, but life was very good for many of the people because of the demand for _______________________________. The creation of the "_________________________" - the trade routes across the fierce deserts - allowed ______________________ to flourish more easily with the _________________________ Empire. People __________________________together into one civilization during Han times. 9 The Arts & Sciences: They created new works of _____________________ and music. Beautiful _________________________ were painted on the walls of _____________________. ___________________ was used for making __________________ and other cast iron objects. Their _______________________ was advanced. They invented _____________________. These ancient people invented ___________________________. They also invented an instrument that told them when an __________________ was happening, somewhere in the Empire, so they could send troops and food to help. It was called a ______________________________. They had a common _______________________________. Even in remote sections, district officials copied the manner of the imperial court. ____________________________ built homes and plowed their fields in the same way all over China. Public Schools: One of the Han emperors (Emperor Wudi), around 100 CE, agreed with Confucius that ___________________________ was the key to good government. He started a system of ___________________________________, for boys only, taught by Confucian teachers. Jobs: Jobs were given to ____________________________ people, as well as _________________________________. People were __________________________ for their work. 10 Merchants & Craftsmen: As in Shang times, ______________________ were hardly recognized as ______________________. Life in the Country: Country folk were ____________________________. Several _________________________ lived in one house to allow them to work their fields together. _______________________________had learned to team up. This solved a major problem. Together, they were able to produce more _________________________, some years, than they needed, which allowed them to _________________ food for other items. They _________________________ much of their food over boiling water on stoves. In the south, they _________________________, steamed dumplings, and fish, flavored with ____________________________________. In the north, they ate much the same, only they ate _________________________instead of rice. 11 12