Download AIMS REVIEW QUESTIONS

AIMS REVIEW QUESTIONS
SCIENTIFIC METHOD/INQUIRY
1.Write the six steps of the Scientific Process in order:
2. There are two different types of questions, _________________ and ________________. The first
kind of question inquires into the ____________ of a phenomenon by asking “why” or “how”. The
second kind asks _____________ of an object, event or situation.
3. A hypothesis statement has three parts: __________, __________, and ____________. The first part of
the statement is the ____________; the second part tells what the ________________ will be, and the
third part ______________ what will happen.
4. Given the following scenario: A) write what each of the variables is
B) construct a data table of the
data given and C) draw a graph of the data. Don’t forget labels!
Janelle observed that different kinds amounts of fossils were present in a cliff behind her house. She
wondered if changes in fossil content occurred from the top to the bottom of the bank. She marked the
bank at five positions: 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, and 25 m from the surface. She removed one bucket of
soil from each of the positions and determined the amount of fossils in each sample. Her data were:
5 meters: 25 fossils
10 meters: 45 fossils
15 meters: 12 fossils;
20 meters: 57 fossils
25 meters: 32 fossils
A) IV =_______________________________ DV =_________________________________
Constant(s) = ______________________________________________________________
B)
C)
5. Determine which kind of science is being practiced in the following scenarios:
a. Scientists research how to convert milk into biofuel:
__________________________________________
b. Scientists study how cutting off blood supply to tumors can diminish their size. They are
contributing to the effort to make cancer drugs that work in new and different ways:
__________________________
c. Particle physicists try to determine if there is a “God Particle”:
__________________________________
CELLS (ORGANELLES AND TRANSPORT)
6. Every living thing is made up of __________.
7. State the three fundamentals of the cell theory:
i.
ii.
iii.
8. The two broadest types of cells are _________________ and _________________.
9. The differences between plant and animals cells are as follows:
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
10.
-have ________________
-have no _______________
-have ______ ______
-have no ______ ______
-has large ___________
-has small ___________
-has no ___________
-has ___________
ORGANELLE
FUNCTION
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Lysosome
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Golgi Bodies
Cytoplasm
Nuclear Envelope
Centrioles
Nucleolus
11. The cell membrane is made of a _________ ________________ with proteins.
12. There are two types of movement in and out of a cell:
_________ __________: the movement of substances _________ the cell membrane without any
input of energy by the cell, molecules move _______ the concentration
gradient (high to low concentration)
_________ __________: the movement of substances _________ the cell membrane with input of
energy by the cell, molecules move _____ the concentration gradient (low to high concentration)
13. The three types of passive transport are: ______________, ______________, and ______________
_______________.
14. The three types of active transport are: ______________, ______________, and ______________
_______________.
15. ______________ is the simplest form of passive transport. It is the movement of ____________
from an area of _______ concentration to _______ concentration.
16. ______________ is the movement of ____________ through a semi-permeable _____________
from an area of _______ concentration to _______ concentration.
17. When comparing two solutions, they can be classified as either:
_____________: a solution that has a lower concentration of solute than another
_____________: a solution that has an equal concentration of solute as another
_____________: a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than another
18. _____________ _____________ is the movement of molecules through the cell membrane through
a protein.
19. __________________ is when a cell engulfs _____________ in a vesicle made from the cell
______________ and __________________ is when a vesicle from inside a cell fuses with cell
_______________ and releases _________________.
CELL REPRODUCTION
20.
The two types of cellular reproduction are: ______________ & ________________.
______________ is the process your “body” cells use to reproduce. This process is ASEXUAL / SEXUAL.
21.
______________ is the reproduction of sex cells. This process is ASEXUAL / SEXUAL..
22.
Another word for “body” cells is _____________________ cells.
23.
Skin cells, nerve cells, and blood cells, are DIPLOID / HAPLOID. This number is represented as 2n / n.
24.
Another word for “sex” cells is _____________________.
25.
The meiotic process where sperm are made is called ______________________. From one germ cell
____________(how many) DIPLOID / HAPLOID viable sperm cells result.
26.
The meiotic process where eggs are made is called ______________________. From one germ cell
___________(how many) DIPLOID / HAPLOID viable egg cell(s) and ___________ polar bodies result..
27.
Sperm and egg cells are DIPLOID / HAPLOID. Another way to represent this number is 2n / n. A fertilized
egg, or ____________________, is DIPLOID / HAPLOID.
This is an alligator’s egg cell:
28.
a.
Is this cell haploid or diploid?
b.
How many chromosomes does the alligator have in a set?
c.
How many total chromosomes does the alligator have in a SOMATIC cell?
d.
What is the process that made this cell (the germ cell)?
29. Koalas have 16 chromosomes in their diploid cells. How many chromosomes do they have per set?
Show work.
_____ 30. The first phase of meiosis.
a) Cytokinesis
b) Prophase
_____ 31. The DNA-duplicating part of the cell cycle.
_____ 32. The phase when chromosomes are pulled to the poles of the cell.
c) Prophase I
d) Telophase
e) Diploid
_____ 33. When chromosomes line up in the middle of the spindle.
f) Homologous chromosomes
g) Interphase
_____ 34. The final part of the cell cycle, where the cell splits in half.
_____ 35. Two chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and function.
_____ 36. The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane and
nucleolus disintegrate.
h) Anaphase
i) Prophase II
j) Metaphase
_____ 37. The phase when the spindle disappears and the cell cleaves.
DNA REPLICATION
38. DNA stands for ____________ ____________ _______.
39. ______________ and ____________ are credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA,
____________ _______________ is not, even though it was her work that lead to the discovery.
40. DNA’s structure is a ____________ ____________, which looks like a _____________ staircase. It is
then wound up tightly and held together by _____________, this is called a ________________.
41. The building block of DNA is the ________________, which is composed of: a _____________, a
______________ , and a ______________ _________.
42. The four nitrogen bases of DNA are: ____________(__), ____________(__), ____________(__), and
____________(__). ___ is properly paired with ___ and ___ is properly paired with ___.
43. The 3 enzymes that help during DNA Replication and their functions are:
_____________: unzips the ______ molecule
________________: Bonds the complimentary ________________
44. How DNA Replication occurs: First, the DNA is ___________ by helicase and the two strands are
exposed. Then, free floating _____________ come over and properly line up with their partner (___ with
___, and ___ with ___). Next, polymerase _______ the paired _______ together. This results in two
_______ daughter molecules of DNA, each with one _____ strand and one _____ strand.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
45. A __________ of the DNA that gives the _________ for one ___________ is a gene.
46. RNA stands for ____________ ____________ _______.
47. The four nitrogen bases of RNA are: ____________(__), ____________(__), ____________(__), and
____________(__).
48. The three types of RNA are:
rRNA: makes up the ____________
mRNA: travels out of the ___________ and into the _____________
tRNA: carries the ________ ________ to the mRNA going through the ribosome
49. Protein synthesis is composed of two parts: __________________ and ___________________.
50. How Protein Synthesis occurs:
______________: The _________ of mRNA from a DNA blueprint. This occurs in the ________,
then the ________ travels out of the nucleus into the ___________.
______________: The information in the mRNA is __________ by a ribosome (made of _____),
who “reads” it. The ___________ RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome to drop off
an ________ ______. The amino acids bond ________ into a chain. The _____
of amino acids then exits the _________ and folds into a _________.
51. A protein is made up of ____ different kinds of _________ _______.
GENETICS
52. The “Father of Genetics” is _____________________. He studied ______ plants to understand genes.
53. The offspring of the P generation is the ____ generation. The offspring of the F1 generation is the
____ generation.
54. In heterozygous individuals, only the ________________ allele is expressed in the individual’s
external appearance.
55. For an allele (pick a letter) the two homozygous genotype combinations are ______ and ______. And
the heterozygous genotype is ______.
56. The external appearance of an organism due to the alleles is called the ___________________.
57. The genetic make-up of an individual, or their letter combination (DNA) is called the
________________.
58. There are _____ sex chromosomes in a human. The sex chromosomes of a man are _____, and of a
woman they are _____.
59. There are _____ non sex chromosomes in a human, they are also called _______________.
60. When one trait is being looked at in a punnet square it is called a ________________ cross, if two
traits are examined it is called __________________ cross.
For questions 61-64 use the following information:
The trait for free ear lobes (E) is dominant to attached ear lobes (e). If a HETERZYGOUS person is crossed with a
HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT person:
61. What is the genotypic ratio?
62. What is the phenotypic ratio?
63.What percentage of the offspring would have attached ear lobes?
64.What two genotypes would you have to cross to get a 50% likelihood that the offspring would have
attached earlobes?
For questions 65-67 use the following information:
Hemophilia is a recessive sex-linked trait.
65. Draw the cross (punnett square) between a HOMOZYGOUS
DOMINANT woman with a RECESSIVE male.
66. What is the chance their daughter will have Hemophilia?
67. What is the chance their son will have Hemophilia?
For questions 68-70 Match the explanation with the type of dominance:
Complete Dominance (A)
Incomplete Dominance (B)
Codominance (C)
68. A dominant allele will always mask a recessive allele when paired together: ______
69. When two dominants are paired and the phenotype shows both together but not as a blending: ______
70. A dominant allele does not mask the recessive allele, but blends with it when they are paired: ______
EVOLUTION
71. Spallanzani and Pasteur disproved ________________ _______________, which is the belief that
living things arose from __________________ things.
72. When a species has an inherited characteristic that ____________ it’s chance of surviving in an
environment this is known as an _______________. There are 3 forms of this:
Structural: the _________ the organism takes
________________: the _______________ processes happening in an organism
________________: the innate ____________ an organism performs
73. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck hypothesized that “____________ ___________” is how evolution
occurred. Charles Darwin argued and hypothesized that is “____________ ___________.”
______________ was correct because a species come with _____________ features and the environment
___________ the characteristic that is most suited, so the individuals with that characteristic will survive.
74. A particular parent isotope has a half-life of 15 years. If the organism originally had
40 million isotopes, how much will be left after 45 years? Show Work!!!
75.You found a fossil and did tests on it to determine the amounts of the parent isotope and the daughter
isotope. You found there were 3 atoms of the parent isotope and 21 atoms of the daughter isotope. The
half-life for this isotope is 220 years. How old is your fossil and how many half-lives did it go
through? Show Work!!!
76.The 4 patterns of evolution are:
Coevolution: when species are in a ______________ relationship on each other
_____________ Evolution: when related species become more dissimilar
Artificial Selection: when ____________ characteristics favored for breeding
_____________ Evolution: when not closely related organisms become more similar
77. The 3 types of structures that are studied in evolution are:
______________ structures: there is evidence of a common _________ although the structure and
its function are different
Vestigial structures: the structure is _________________, but had an original purpose
___________ structures: structures are similar from adaptations due to an _____________change.
CLASSIFICATION
78. ________________ is the branch of biology that identifies and names organisms
79.To write an organism’s scientific name in binomial nomenclature you must _________ the first word
but not the _________ and ___________ both words, or ___________ them if hand written.
80. The taxonomic levels from smallest to largest are: _______________, _______________,
_____________, ___________, ____________, ____________, _____________, and ______________.
81. The 3 domains are:
The 6 kingdoms are:
82. A ________________is a set of statements that separate a group of organism into one of two different
groups over and over again.
83. A ________________ is a visual image that shows the adaptation paths taken by several different
organisms.
84. A ________________ is a diagram that shows different common features of several organisms.
ECOLOGY
85. What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis and in what organelle does it occur?
86. What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration? And what to places does it occur?
87. The Carbon Cycle includes: cellular respiration, ______________ eruptions, creation of
______________ from dissolved ______ in the ocean, _______________ of carbohydrates (eating), the
_________ of organic material, and the __________________ (and burning) of natural resources.
88. In the Nitrogen Cycle, atmospheric nitrogen, ______, is not in a useable form, so it must be
“_________.” There are 3 forms of fixation: _________________ _________________(lighting),
_______________ _________________(bacteria), & ________________ ________________(in labs).
89. The Hydrological Cycle, _________ cycle, has the following 5 processes:
_______________: the lose of water out of a plant’s leaves (plants “sweating”)
Evaporation: when water heats up enough to become ___________/___________
Condensation: when water vapor _________, forming ___________
_____________: the accumulation of water in soil, rivers, lakes, and oceans
Precipitation: when condensation becomes too _________, and falls as ________ to the earth.
90. Ecology is the study of ___________________ between ______________ and the non-living
components of their _________________.
91. Organic compounds always contain ________________ and ________________.
92. ___________________ (aka: _________________) are organisms that make their own energy, while
_________________ (aka: _________________) must consume other organisms for their energy.
93.The four types of consumers are:
________________: organism that consumes only plants
________________: organism that consumes only meat
________________: organism that consumes both plants and meat
________________: organism that consumes dead/decaying organisms
94. Organisms who feed at the same level are in the same _______________ _______________. The four
levels are: _______________, _______________ _______________, _______________
_______________, and _______________ _______________.
95. When the passage of energy through an ecosystem is mapped out linearly it is called a __________
___________, if it is a branching network it is called a ___________ __________.
96. The ultimate source of energy for all ecosystems is the __________. Plants gain _______ of the sun’s
energy and organisms who consumer other organism gain ________ of the their food’s energy and all
of their __________________. Energy is passed on in this fashion through an ecosystem with the
majority of it released as ________, thus it is not _____________. Nutrients are _____________
because upon death an organism’s nutrients are returned to the ___________.
97. Compare Biotic and Abiotic, and give and example of each.
98. Compare Habitat and Niche, and give and example of each.
99. Compare Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors, and give and example of each.
100. The levels of organization from largest to smallest are: biosphere, ________________,
________________, ________________, ________________, ________________,
________________, ________________, ________________, ________________,
________________, ________________.
101.Two ways to approximate a population are ________________ ________________ and
____________ ___________ and _________________.
102. Population density is the ______________ of individuals in a population per ____________.
103. Dispersion is the _________________ distribution of a ________________, 3 types are:
________________: individuals clustered together
________________: individual’s location is independent of another’s
________________: individuals are separated by fairly even distance
104. The growth of a population is ________________, which produces a ____-_____________ curve
when graphed. If limiting ____________ are present then the population will hit a ________________
_______________, which produces a ____-_____________ curve when graphed. If the population
fluctuates around the carrying capacity then _________________ _____________ is seen when graphed.
105. _________________ is an ecological relationship in which 2 or more organisms live together in a
close long term relationship. 3 types are:
_________________: one species benefits, the other is not helped or harmed
_________________: one species feeds on another (known as the host)
_________________: both species are benefited, neither is harmed.
QUESTIONS:
Human Systems109. Complete the table with each system, its function and the major organs at work in it.
System
Function
Also, know pathways and interdependence of the systems.
Major Organs
Viruses and Bacteria –
109. Before scientists studied viruses and bacteria, what was thought to be the cause of illnesses?
110. In _________, a biologist named ______________ ______________ purified the tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV) and discovered …
111. Viruses are ______________- something that causes a disease.
112. Viruses do not grow, do not have homeostasis, and do not metabolize, so they are not
_____________. Which means they are not made of _________, but they are made of...
113. There are 3 types of viral structures, they are: (name the type and then draw a picture)
 ______________
 ______________
 ______________
114. Viruses that infect animals are generally ______________ and have ______________ all over them.
115. Viruses that infect plants are generally ______________ and their capsid proteins are in a
___________ formation around the core.
116. Viruses that infect bacteria are ______________ and have a ______________ structure.
117. Can a virus reproduce by it self? Explain.
118. Viral reproduction occurs in 4 steps:
1. _________________- __________________________________________________________
2. _________________- __________________________________________________________
a. plants & animals are infected by ___________________________________________
b. bacteria is infected by ____________________________________________________
3. _________________- __________________________________________________________
4. _________________a. ______________-_______________________________________________________
b. ______________-_______________________________________________________
119. How does HIV kill someone? Explain.
120. Bacteria is ____________, because it is a single _________________ cell.
121. Bacteria have a single _____________ piece of DNA and it is not in a ______________.
122. Bacteria reproduce by what process? Explain how it happens.
123. To move, bacteria either spin a long fiber of protein called a _____________ or wave many short
hair-like fibers called __________.
124. Bacteria can be ____________________ (causing disease) in two ways:
 _______________________________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________________________
125. Pathogenic bacteria in food can usually be killed by…
126. What is biowarfare? Do not use the definition in your notes.
127. The 1st antibiotic was discovered by _______________ ________________, it was
______________.
128. What are antibiotics?
129. Antibioics work against ______________ but not _______________.
130.Are all bacteria pathogenic?
131. Can bacteria be resistant to antibiotics? Explain in detail.
132. What foods have probiotics (good bacteria) in them?
133. Bacteria can be helpful, give three examples: