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* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
AIMS REVIEW QUESTIONS SCIENTIFIC METHOD/INQUIRY 1.Write the six steps of the Scientific Process in order: 2. There are two different types of questions, _________________ and ________________. The first kind of question inquires into the ____________ of a phenomenon by asking “why” or “how”. The second kind asks _____________ of an object, event or situation. 3. A hypothesis statement has three parts: __________, __________, and ____________. The first part of the statement is the ____________; the second part tells what the ________________ will be, and the third part ______________ what will happen. 4. Given the following scenario: A) write what each of the variables is B) construct a data table of the data given and C) draw a graph of the data. Don’t forget labels! Janelle observed that different kinds amounts of fossils were present in a cliff behind her house. She wondered if changes in fossil content occurred from the top to the bottom of the bank. She marked the bank at five positions: 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, and 25 m from the surface. She removed one bucket of soil from each of the positions and determined the amount of fossils in each sample. Her data were: 5 meters: 25 fossils 10 meters: 45 fossils 15 meters: 12 fossils; 20 meters: 57 fossils 25 meters: 32 fossils A) IV =_______________________________ DV =_________________________________ Constant(s) = ______________________________________________________________ B) C) 5. Determine which kind of science is being practiced in the following scenarios: a. Scientists research how to convert milk into biofuel: __________________________________________ b. Scientists study how cutting off blood supply to tumors can diminish their size. They are contributing to the effort to make cancer drugs that work in new and different ways: __________________________ c. Particle physicists try to determine if there is a “God Particle”: __________________________________ CELLS (ORGANELLES AND TRANSPORT) 6. Every living thing is made up of __________. 7. State the three fundamentals of the cell theory: i. ii. iii. 8. The two broadest types of cells are _________________ and _________________. 9. The differences between plant and animals cells are as follows: Plant Cells Animal Cells 10. -have ________________ -have no _______________ -have ______ ______ -have no ______ ______ -has large ___________ -has small ___________ -has no ___________ -has ___________ ORGANELLE FUNCTION Cell Wall Cell Membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosome Vacuole Chloroplast Mitochondria Ribosome Golgi Bodies Cytoplasm Nuclear Envelope Centrioles Nucleolus 11. The cell membrane is made of a _________ ________________ with proteins. 12. There are two types of movement in and out of a cell: _________ __________: the movement of substances _________ the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell, molecules move _______ the concentration gradient (high to low concentration) _________ __________: the movement of substances _________ the cell membrane with input of energy by the cell, molecules move _____ the concentration gradient (low to high concentration) 13. The three types of passive transport are: ______________, ______________, and ______________ _______________. 14. The three types of active transport are: ______________, ______________, and ______________ _______________. 15. ______________ is the simplest form of passive transport. It is the movement of ____________ from an area of _______ concentration to _______ concentration. 16. ______________ is the movement of ____________ through a semi-permeable _____________ from an area of _______ concentration to _______ concentration. 17. When comparing two solutions, they can be classified as either: _____________: a solution that has a lower concentration of solute than another _____________: a solution that has an equal concentration of solute as another _____________: a solution that has a higher concentration of solute than another 18. _____________ _____________ is the movement of molecules through the cell membrane through a protein. 19. __________________ is when a cell engulfs _____________ in a vesicle made from the cell ______________ and __________________ is when a vesicle from inside a cell fuses with cell _______________ and releases _________________. CELL REPRODUCTION 20. The two types of cellular reproduction are: ______________ & ________________. ______________ is the process your “body” cells use to reproduce. This process is ASEXUAL / SEXUAL. 21. ______________ is the reproduction of sex cells. This process is ASEXUAL / SEXUAL.. 22. Another word for “body” cells is _____________________ cells. 23. Skin cells, nerve cells, and blood cells, are DIPLOID / HAPLOID. This number is represented as 2n / n. 24. Another word for “sex” cells is _____________________. 25. The meiotic process where sperm are made is called ______________________. From one germ cell ____________(how many) DIPLOID / HAPLOID viable sperm cells result. 26. The meiotic process where eggs are made is called ______________________. From one germ cell ___________(how many) DIPLOID / HAPLOID viable egg cell(s) and ___________ polar bodies result.. 27. Sperm and egg cells are DIPLOID / HAPLOID. Another way to represent this number is 2n / n. A fertilized egg, or ____________________, is DIPLOID / HAPLOID. This is an alligator’s egg cell: 28. a. Is this cell haploid or diploid? b. How many chromosomes does the alligator have in a set? c. How many total chromosomes does the alligator have in a SOMATIC cell? d. What is the process that made this cell (the germ cell)? 29. Koalas have 16 chromosomes in their diploid cells. How many chromosomes do they have per set? Show work. _____ 30. The first phase of meiosis. a) Cytokinesis b) Prophase _____ 31. The DNA-duplicating part of the cell cycle. _____ 32. The phase when chromosomes are pulled to the poles of the cell. c) Prophase I d) Telophase e) Diploid _____ 33. When chromosomes line up in the middle of the spindle. f) Homologous chromosomes g) Interphase _____ 34. The final part of the cell cycle, where the cell splits in half. _____ 35. Two chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and function. _____ 36. The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate. h) Anaphase i) Prophase II j) Metaphase _____ 37. The phase when the spindle disappears and the cell cleaves. DNA REPLICATION 38. DNA stands for ____________ ____________ _______. 39. ______________ and ____________ are credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA, ____________ _______________ is not, even though it was her work that lead to the discovery. 40. DNA’s structure is a ____________ ____________, which looks like a _____________ staircase. It is then wound up tightly and held together by _____________, this is called a ________________. 41. The building block of DNA is the ________________, which is composed of: a _____________, a ______________ , and a ______________ _________. 42. The four nitrogen bases of DNA are: ____________(__), ____________(__), ____________(__), and ____________(__). ___ is properly paired with ___ and ___ is properly paired with ___. 43. The 3 enzymes that help during DNA Replication and their functions are: _____________: unzips the ______ molecule ________________: Bonds the complimentary ________________ 44. How DNA Replication occurs: First, the DNA is ___________ by helicase and the two strands are exposed. Then, free floating _____________ come over and properly line up with their partner (___ with ___, and ___ with ___). Next, polymerase _______ the paired _______ together. This results in two _______ daughter molecules of DNA, each with one _____ strand and one _____ strand. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 45. A __________ of the DNA that gives the _________ for one ___________ is a gene. 46. RNA stands for ____________ ____________ _______. 47. The four nitrogen bases of RNA are: ____________(__), ____________(__), ____________(__), and ____________(__). 48. The three types of RNA are: rRNA: makes up the ____________ mRNA: travels out of the ___________ and into the _____________ tRNA: carries the ________ ________ to the mRNA going through the ribosome 49. Protein synthesis is composed of two parts: __________________ and ___________________. 50. How Protein Synthesis occurs: ______________: The _________ of mRNA from a DNA blueprint. This occurs in the ________, then the ________ travels out of the nucleus into the ___________. ______________: The information in the mRNA is __________ by a ribosome (made of _____), who “reads” it. The ___________ RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome to drop off an ________ ______. The amino acids bond ________ into a chain. The _____ of amino acids then exits the _________ and folds into a _________. 51. A protein is made up of ____ different kinds of _________ _______. GENETICS 52. The “Father of Genetics” is _____________________. He studied ______ plants to understand genes. 53. The offspring of the P generation is the ____ generation. The offspring of the F1 generation is the ____ generation. 54. In heterozygous individuals, only the ________________ allele is expressed in the individual’s external appearance. 55. For an allele (pick a letter) the two homozygous genotype combinations are ______ and ______. And the heterozygous genotype is ______. 56. The external appearance of an organism due to the alleles is called the ___________________. 57. The genetic make-up of an individual, or their letter combination (DNA) is called the ________________. 58. There are _____ sex chromosomes in a human. The sex chromosomes of a man are _____, and of a woman they are _____. 59. There are _____ non sex chromosomes in a human, they are also called _______________. 60. When one trait is being looked at in a punnet square it is called a ________________ cross, if two traits are examined it is called __________________ cross. For questions 61-64 use the following information: The trait for free ear lobes (E) is dominant to attached ear lobes (e). If a HETERZYGOUS person is crossed with a HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT person: 61. What is the genotypic ratio? 62. What is the phenotypic ratio? 63.What percentage of the offspring would have attached ear lobes? 64.What two genotypes would you have to cross to get a 50% likelihood that the offspring would have attached earlobes? For questions 65-67 use the following information: Hemophilia is a recessive sex-linked trait. 65. Draw the cross (punnett square) between a HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT woman with a RECESSIVE male. 66. What is the chance their daughter will have Hemophilia? 67. What is the chance their son will have Hemophilia? For questions 68-70 Match the explanation with the type of dominance: Complete Dominance (A) Incomplete Dominance (B) Codominance (C) 68. A dominant allele will always mask a recessive allele when paired together: ______ 69. When two dominants are paired and the phenotype shows both together but not as a blending: ______ 70. A dominant allele does not mask the recessive allele, but blends with it when they are paired: ______ EVOLUTION 71. Spallanzani and Pasteur disproved ________________ _______________, which is the belief that living things arose from __________________ things. 72. When a species has an inherited characteristic that ____________ it’s chance of surviving in an environment this is known as an _______________. There are 3 forms of this: Structural: the _________ the organism takes ________________: the _______________ processes happening in an organism ________________: the innate ____________ an organism performs 73. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck hypothesized that “____________ ___________” is how evolution occurred. Charles Darwin argued and hypothesized that is “____________ ___________.” ______________ was correct because a species come with _____________ features and the environment ___________ the characteristic that is most suited, so the individuals with that characteristic will survive. 74. A particular parent isotope has a half-life of 15 years. If the organism originally had 40 million isotopes, how much will be left after 45 years? Show Work!!! 75.You found a fossil and did tests on it to determine the amounts of the parent isotope and the daughter isotope. You found there were 3 atoms of the parent isotope and 21 atoms of the daughter isotope. The half-life for this isotope is 220 years. How old is your fossil and how many half-lives did it go through? Show Work!!! 76.The 4 patterns of evolution are: Coevolution: when species are in a ______________ relationship on each other _____________ Evolution: when related species become more dissimilar Artificial Selection: when ____________ characteristics favored for breeding _____________ Evolution: when not closely related organisms become more similar 77. The 3 types of structures that are studied in evolution are: ______________ structures: there is evidence of a common _________ although the structure and its function are different Vestigial structures: the structure is _________________, but had an original purpose ___________ structures: structures are similar from adaptations due to an _____________change. CLASSIFICATION 78. ________________ is the branch of biology that identifies and names organisms 79.To write an organism’s scientific name in binomial nomenclature you must _________ the first word but not the _________ and ___________ both words, or ___________ them if hand written. 80. The taxonomic levels from smallest to largest are: _______________, _______________, _____________, ___________, ____________, ____________, _____________, and ______________. 81. The 3 domains are: The 6 kingdoms are: 82. A ________________is a set of statements that separate a group of organism into one of two different groups over and over again. 83. A ________________ is a visual image that shows the adaptation paths taken by several different organisms. 84. A ________________ is a diagram that shows different common features of several organisms. ECOLOGY 85. What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis and in what organelle does it occur? 86. What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration? And what to places does it occur? 87. The Carbon Cycle includes: cellular respiration, ______________ eruptions, creation of ______________ from dissolved ______ in the ocean, _______________ of carbohydrates (eating), the _________ of organic material, and the __________________ (and burning) of natural resources. 88. In the Nitrogen Cycle, atmospheric nitrogen, ______, is not in a useable form, so it must be “_________.” There are 3 forms of fixation: _________________ _________________(lighting), _______________ _________________(bacteria), & ________________ ________________(in labs). 89. The Hydrological Cycle, _________ cycle, has the following 5 processes: _______________: the lose of water out of a plant’s leaves (plants “sweating”) Evaporation: when water heats up enough to become ___________/___________ Condensation: when water vapor _________, forming ___________ _____________: the accumulation of water in soil, rivers, lakes, and oceans Precipitation: when condensation becomes too _________, and falls as ________ to the earth. 90. Ecology is the study of ___________________ between ______________ and the non-living components of their _________________. 91. Organic compounds always contain ________________ and ________________. 92. ___________________ (aka: _________________) are organisms that make their own energy, while _________________ (aka: _________________) must consume other organisms for their energy. 93.The four types of consumers are: ________________: organism that consumes only plants ________________: organism that consumes only meat ________________: organism that consumes both plants and meat ________________: organism that consumes dead/decaying organisms 94. Organisms who feed at the same level are in the same _______________ _______________. The four levels are: _______________, _______________ _______________, _______________ _______________, and _______________ _______________. 95. When the passage of energy through an ecosystem is mapped out linearly it is called a __________ ___________, if it is a branching network it is called a ___________ __________. 96. The ultimate source of energy for all ecosystems is the __________. Plants gain _______ of the sun’s energy and organisms who consumer other organism gain ________ of the their food’s energy and all of their __________________. Energy is passed on in this fashion through an ecosystem with the majority of it released as ________, thus it is not _____________. Nutrients are _____________ because upon death an organism’s nutrients are returned to the ___________. 97. Compare Biotic and Abiotic, and give and example of each. 98. Compare Habitat and Niche, and give and example of each. 99. Compare Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors, and give and example of each. 100. The levels of organization from largest to smallest are: biosphere, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________, ________________. 101.Two ways to approximate a population are ________________ ________________ and ____________ ___________ and _________________. 102. Population density is the ______________ of individuals in a population per ____________. 103. Dispersion is the _________________ distribution of a ________________, 3 types are: ________________: individuals clustered together ________________: individual’s location is independent of another’s ________________: individuals are separated by fairly even distance 104. The growth of a population is ________________, which produces a ____-_____________ curve when graphed. If limiting ____________ are present then the population will hit a ________________ _______________, which produces a ____-_____________ curve when graphed. If the population fluctuates around the carrying capacity then _________________ _____________ is seen when graphed. 105. _________________ is an ecological relationship in which 2 or more organisms live together in a close long term relationship. 3 types are: _________________: one species benefits, the other is not helped or harmed _________________: one species feeds on another (known as the host) _________________: both species are benefited, neither is harmed. QUESTIONS: Human Systems109. Complete the table with each system, its function and the major organs at work in it. System Function Also, know pathways and interdependence of the systems. Major Organs Viruses and Bacteria – 109. Before scientists studied viruses and bacteria, what was thought to be the cause of illnesses? 110. In _________, a biologist named ______________ ______________ purified the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and discovered … 111. Viruses are ______________- something that causes a disease. 112. Viruses do not grow, do not have homeostasis, and do not metabolize, so they are not _____________. Which means they are not made of _________, but they are made of... 113. There are 3 types of viral structures, they are: (name the type and then draw a picture) ______________ ______________ ______________ 114. Viruses that infect animals are generally ______________ and have ______________ all over them. 115. Viruses that infect plants are generally ______________ and their capsid proteins are in a ___________ formation around the core. 116. Viruses that infect bacteria are ______________ and have a ______________ structure. 117. Can a virus reproduce by it self? Explain. 118. Viral reproduction occurs in 4 steps: 1. _________________- __________________________________________________________ 2. _________________- __________________________________________________________ a. plants & animals are infected by ___________________________________________ b. bacteria is infected by ____________________________________________________ 3. _________________- __________________________________________________________ 4. _________________a. ______________-_______________________________________________________ b. ______________-_______________________________________________________ 119. How does HIV kill someone? Explain. 120. Bacteria is ____________, because it is a single _________________ cell. 121. Bacteria have a single _____________ piece of DNA and it is not in a ______________. 122. Bacteria reproduce by what process? Explain how it happens. 123. To move, bacteria either spin a long fiber of protein called a _____________ or wave many short hair-like fibers called __________. 124. Bacteria can be ____________________ (causing disease) in two ways: _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 125. Pathogenic bacteria in food can usually be killed by… 126. What is biowarfare? Do not use the definition in your notes. 127. The 1st antibiotic was discovered by _______________ ________________, it was ______________. 128. What are antibiotics? 129. Antibioics work against ______________ but not _______________. 130.Are all bacteria pathogenic? 131. Can bacteria be resistant to antibiotics? Explain in detail. 132. What foods have probiotics (good bacteria) in them? 133. Bacteria can be helpful, give three examples: