Download Ch. 10 Notes 2016

Biology B – Fetsco
Name: _____________________________________
Chapter 10 – Cell Growth and Division
Limits to Cell Size
Cells can grow by increasing in ______________, but eventually a cell needs to divide.
Why do you think a cells needs to divide after is reaches a certain size?
A cell needs to divide as it grows larger because …..
1.
2.
Cell Division – the process by which one cell divides to form two new
________________________________________________.

_________________________ reproduction:
o
Growth of an organism

o
_________________ ___________________ __________________
Repair of an organism

Replacement of lost or damaged cells

o
Ex. ________________________________________________
Reproduction of an entirely new organism

A single cell or a group of cells each duplicates their genetic information, and
splits into _______________________________________________________.

Offspring are ________________________________ to their parents.

Ex. paramecium, amoeba, sea stars
Plants can reproduce asexually. Can you think of an example of this?
Biology B – Fetsco

Name: _____________________________________
__________________________ reproduction:
o
Occurs for one reason - ___________________________________________
o
____________ parents are involved in the production of offspring.

Genetic material (DNA) from each parent combines to form the offspring.
o
Involves the union of sex cells called ____________________________.
o
These sex cells are formed in a ___________________________________ than the cells
formed by asexual reproduction.
Plants can also reproduce sexually. Can you think of an example of this?
The Process of Cell Division
About ________________________________ cells are dividing in your body right now. Around
______________________________________ aren’t dividing, but are carrying out all the other activities
your body needs to survive.

The most important aspect of any type of cell division is the reproduction of the
________________.
o
Most of the time, DNA exists as a long mass of fibers that are too small to see under a
light microscope.

These long fibers are called _______________________, which is a combination
of DNA and protein molecules. 

When the cell is ready to divide, the chromatin condenses, and is now called a
___________________________________. The DNA in this condensed form
is now visible with a light microscope.
Biology B – Fetsco
Name: _____________________________________
DNA condenses into chromosomes because chromosomes ________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
Humans have ______________________ chromosomes. Other organisms have different numbers of
chromosomes. For instance, some types of raspberries have 98 chromosomes, a pea plant only has 14,
and a rat has 42.

Before a cell can divide, it has to _____________________________________________.
Why would a cell need to duplicate chromosomes before it divides?
Label the parts of the diagram below as we talk about them in class.
Biology B – Fetsco

Name: _____________________________________
The ____________________________________ controls how often a cell divides. The length of
the cell cycle varies depending on the _______________________________________.
o
Some human cells go through the cell cycle around _____________________________.

o

Ex. 
Some human cells, like ____________________________, don’t divide at all.
The cell cycle has 2 major stages:
1. Interphase
Interphase is composed of three phases:
2. Mitosis
Interphase
G1
S
G2
Mitosis

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________
Biology B – Fetsco
Name: _____________________________________
Mitosis is when the _____________________________________________. The purpose is to provide
two cells that are __________________________ identical.
• To achieve this, the chromosomes must go through a series of movements, known as the
________________________ of mitosis.
• These movements are guided by ______________________________________, or spindles.
• Spindle fibers extend from two structures called ____________________________.
Although it is a continuous process, scientists divide mitosis into _______________ main phases.
Human skin cell -- Total cycle takes around ________________ to complete.
Interphase
G1
S
G2
M
9.9 hours
6.2 hours
3.3 hours
1.9 hours
9.7 hours
5.8 hours
3.9 hours
2.3 hours
10.1 hours
5.5 hours
3.5 hour
2.1 hours
10.1 hours
4.9 hours
3.1 hours
1.8 hours
10.3 hours
5.4 hours
3.6 hours
2.0 hours
9.9 hours
6.1 hours
3.7 hours
1.9 hours
Average =
Average =
Average =
Average =
%=
%=
%=
%=
Biology B – Fetsco
Name: _____________________________________
Cytokinesis: _____________________________________________________________________
Plants vs. Animals
Regulating the Cell Cycle
Cells grown in the lab will divide until they come into contact with _____________________________.
They do this in our bodies as well. When you have a cut, your skin cells at the edge of the injury will
begin to divide rapidly until the cut is healed, at which time cell division ________________________
and everything returns to normal.
Proteins called ____________________________ help to regulate the cell cycle.
Cells also end their life cycle in one of two ways:
1. They die due to ______________________________________________.
2. Apoptosis: _________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
• A __________________________ is an abnormal growth of cells.
• This happens when cells are ________________________ out of control. Proteins in our body
are supposed to control the cell cycle, telling cells
_____________________________________________________, but when something with
this system goes wrong, a cell may reproduce at the wrong time, or the wrong place.
• Tumors can be ________________________ or they can be _________________________.
• Malignant tumors are a mass of abnormal cells that can ______________________
______________________________ to the surrounding tissue.
• These tumors are considered _____________________________.
• Benign tumors are an abnormal mass relatively ________________________ cells.
• Generally, they do not cause harm to the body, but sometimes they are
____________________________ as a precaution.
Biology B – Fetsco
Name: _____________________________________
• __________________________ is defined as a collection of cells that are dividing out of control
and interfere with the functioning of the ________________________
_________________________.
• These cells compete with ________________________________________ for food, oxygen,
and blood supply.
• One of the most dangerous characterisitics of cancer cells is called
_______________________________. This is when cancerous cells can break of the tumor
and travel to other parts of the ___________________________.
• This is very dangerous because then ____________________________ can form in other
parts of the body.
• Cancer is caused by defects in the genes that regulate cell growth and division. Sources of these
defects include:
• _____________________________ - changes in DNA that are inherited
• _____________________________-cancer-causing chemicals
• Examples: cigarette smoke, UV light exposure
• _____________________________ - some types are associated with cancer.
• Examples: Human Papilloma virus (HPV) associated with cervical cancer
Biology B – Fetsco
Name: _____________________________________
Cancer Treatments:
• ______________________________ of the tumor and/or structures and organs associated with the
tumor.
• _______________________________ - exposure of areas with tumors to hight energy radiation.
• ________________________________- kills rapidly dividing cells with prescription drugs
Cancer cells are rapidly dividing, but so are other cells in the human body. What might be some side
effects of using radiation or chemotherapy?
Cell Differentiation
Living things go through several stages of development, from zygote to embryo to adult.
Differentiation: ________________________________________________________________________
The process of differentiation determines what type a cell becomes. Ex.
Read pages 294 -297 in your book and fill in the following information:
Definitions:
Totipotent:
Blastocyst:
Pluripotent:
Stem Cell:
Multipotent:
Fill in the chart below:
Potential Benefits
Ethical Issue
Biology B – Fetsco
Name: _____________________________________
Chapter 11.4 - Meiosis
Humans have __________ chromosomes, or 23 ___________________________________________(n).
-_______________________________-matching chromosome pairs, same shape and size but not
genetically identical
-One homologous chromosome from each _______________________.
-These are not the same as ________________________________________= not identical
copies
-Homologous chromosomes control the _______________________, but one might have the
gene for blue eyes while another might have a gene for green eyes.
A _____________________________ displays all of an organism’s chromosomes, arranged by size.
Chromosome pair 23 are ____________________________________________________.
XX=
XY=
The X and Y chromosomes each contain different genetic information.
Biology B – Fetsco
Name: _____________________________________
Diploid(2n)___________________________________________________________________________
Ex. Humans = 46
Haploid(1n)___________________________________________________________________________
Ex. Humans have 23 chromosomes in their sex cells, or __________________ (sperm/egg)
-Haploid cells are produced through ____________________________
egg + sperm=zygote
+
=
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis has _____________ main parts:
1. ___________________________________ - homologous chromosomes are separated from each
other
2. ___________________________________- sister chromatids are separated from each other to form
4 haploid daughter cellss
Meiosis ________________________________________________ in two ways:
1. The way in which ______________________________________________ in metaphase I is
completely up to chance
2. _____________________________________ - exchange of genetic material between
homologous chromosomes during prophase I
-in tetrads
-this produces chromosomes with _____________________________________
__________________________ which is called genetic recombination
-One chromosome can contain hundreds of genes so one crossing over even can transfer
_________________________________________________
Biology B – Fetsco
Name: _____________________________________
Mitosis
Meiosis
Asexual reproduction – to ___________________
_______________________ _____- to reproduce
_________________________________________
new, genetically different organisms
_________________________________________
1 cell _____________________________ to make
1 cell divides twice to produce ______________
two identical cells with a full set of
________________________, each with ½ the
______________________________
number of chromosomes
Occurs in sex organ cells (___________________
Occurs in ________________________________
and _______________________)