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Greek Culture and Society Term II, Lecture 7 Greek Religion Religion and worship 2 3 Athens, theatre of Dionysus, seat of the priest of Dionysus 4 What was a Greek sanctuary? Sanctuary of Poseidon, Cape Sunion, Attica 5 6 Main features of a Greek sanctuary • • • • • Location Altar Temenos Priest Calendar 7 Altar of the Temple of Apollo, Gortyn, Crete 8 Temenos of the sanctuary of Zeus, Dodona 9 Everyday Rituals • • • • • • • • Home hearth is sacred to Hestia Everything hunted is sacred to Artemis Everything farmed is sacred to Demeter All sea-going activities are sacred to Poseidon All weather phenomena are sacred to Zeus Travelling and trading is sacred to Hermes Metal-working is sacred to Hephaistos Wool-working and household work are sacred to Athena 10 Hestia, the most gentle and charitable of divinities, guardian of the oikos 11 Ephaistos, the god blacksmith 12 Thundering Zeus 13 Greek Calendars • Each polis had its own calendar • The calendar was a calendar of festivals and sacrifices 14 15 Sacred Calendar from Kos Month A: Batromeios • ?: An ox from the Chiliastes to Hestia Hetaireia • ?: Annual Festival to Zeus Polieus. Sacrifice of ox. • 10th: A pig and a kid to Dionysos Scyllites • 20th: An ox to Zeus Polieus • 20th: A pregnant sheep to Athena Polias • 21st: A pig and a kid to Dionysos Scyllites • 23rd: A sheep and a pregnant ewe to Demeter • 24th: A pig and a kid to Dionysos Scyllites Month B: Karneios • ?: A pregnant ewe to Rhea • 10th: A heifer to Argive Royal Hera of the Marshes • 11th: A pig to Zeus Machaneus • 12th: 3 sheep, an ox, ½ medimnos of barley and wine to Zeus Machaneus • 12th: Heifer/sheep to Athena Machanis Month C: Pedageitnion • 21st: 3 sheep to the Heroes • 28th: A lamb to Herakles • 28th: An ox to Herakles Month D: Unknown • 17th: A sheep to Delian Apollo • 17th: An ewe to Leto • 19th: A goat to the Graces • 20th: A sheep and an ewe to Apollo Karneios and Artemis 16 The Panathenaic Procession • It is generally accepted that the Parthenon Frieze portrays the Processions at the festival of the Great Panathenaia that was celebrated every four years in Athens 17 Athens, the Parthenon 18 Panathenaic Procession a proposed order • • • • • • • • • • • • Four little girls carrying a peplos for the life-size statue of Athena Polias Priestesses of Athena and Athenian women carrying gifts Sacrificial animals (cows and sheep) Metics (resident aliens), wearing purple robes and carrying on trays cakes and honeycombs for offerings Musicians playing the aulos and the kithara. A colossal peplos (for Athena Parthenos) hung on the mast of a ship on wheels Old men carrying olive branches Four-horse chariots with a charioteer and fully armed man (apobatês) Craftswomen (ergastinai - weavers of peplos) Infantry and cavalry Victors in the games Ordinary Athenians arranged by deme 19 Arrephoroi 20 Sacrificial animals (cows and sheep) 21 Musicians playing the aulos and the kithara 22 Old men carrying olive branches 23 Metics (resident aliens), wearing purple robes and carrying on trays cakes and honeycombs for offerings 24 Craftswomen (ergastinai - weavers of peplos) 25 Infantry and cavalry (who is missing?) 26 The Acropolis seen from the Panathenaic stadium 27 Eleusis 28 Demeter and Triptolemus 29 30 415: The Hermae affair Herma: Square or rectangular pillar of stone, terracotta, or bronze; a bust of Hermes' head, usually with a beard, sat on the top of the pillar, and male genitals adorned the base. 31 The Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi 32 33 34 The Pythia 35 36 37 Athenian Thesauron 38 • The cult of excellence: music competition • • • • Theatre of Apollo, Delphi Hymn to Apollo Flute and kithara Acting and drama Painting 39 • Held in August, every four years • Lasted 6-8 days • 1. “Holy games”: showcase of Apollo’s victory over Python • 2. Procession and sacrifice • 3. Musical competition • 4. Sport competition Stadium, Delphi 40 The archaic aristocracies of Attica Necropolises of Menidhi/Acharnae and Thoricus The Mycenaean tombs of Thorikos The Mycenaean tombs of Thorikos The Mycenaean tombs of Thorikos The cup of Nestor 46 Athens, monument of the eponymous heroes 47