Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction REPRODUCTION 1 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction Cells - The Basics Units of Life 1. Read pages 142 – 143 in your textbook. 2. Label the diagrams given for a plant and an animal cell. 3. Complete the table below, giving definition / function and location / shape of each new structure. (You will need to check the Glossary for some of the words). STRUCTURE DEFINITION and FUNCTION LOCATION and SHAPE Organelle Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Chromosome Ribosome Mitochondria *Cellular Respiration 2 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Centriole Cell wall Chloroplast Cilia Flagellum 3 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 4 Mr. Storie QUESTIONS: 10S Science Reproduction 1. What are the three components of the Cell Theory (page 147)? 2. List the 3 main differences between plant cells and animal cells? 3. Where in the cell is genetic information found? 4. Use the glossary and index of your textbook to research the word Photosynthesis. Write any useful information down below: a. With your knowledge of photosynthesis, explain what plants cells can do that no animal cell can. b. What cell structure allows plants to carry out this unique function? 5 Mr. Storie 10S Science The Cell Reproduction E V Q L K O H H O H E T N W H C U Y C O L I L C I L I A V T E U G A S Y K O C G U Y W L H M R M O M C N C L T T M C A B B X S C Y I I Y M L L K S L F O T K Y M U X V O G H R T E X E V S J Y S D P R J T C K L S A P O O N A O C T W K N C O O O C O L K O L O D C O R G A N E L L E C R G E O G U M O R S H L Z F S L O A H H C F R L S D P E F O F O J M U E Z F T R I P Q E L L B I L J L V N I T T Z I H O M E T S A L P O R O L H C D A O E L U M M M U S M S A L P O T Y C F R N K A R A S U M K P S A H G U U G L E A I C M A T E I L G A E M K K Q L A S R P F A E L I C L K U V R B I M J G C B M P N B N Z N M B O I C D Y N S E E M H X A Z H T J S Z I F U R I T O L K E S U E L C U N E N K C J J C Z T L T M R I B O S O M E K O J F E G U A A E T E M U B N R Z J H K U G T U M R K V H R S B F G E Y Z C J L M APPARATUS CHLOROPLAST CYTOPLASM EUKARYOTE GOLGI MICROTUBULE NUCLEUS RETICULUM VACUOLE ORGANELLE RIBOSOME PROKARYOTE CELL CHROMATIN CYTOSKELETON FILAMENT LYSOSOME MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPHYLL CILIA ENDOPLASMIC FLAGELLA MEMBRANE NUCLEOLUS 6 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 7 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 8 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction Forms of Asexual Reproduction In all the forms of asexual reproduction, there is just one parent. The unicellular organisms of the Protista kingdom, such as the amoeba, reproduce asexually by standard mitosis. Members of the Monera kingdom, such as bacteria, are single-celled organisms that do not contain a true nucleus. Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process called binary fission. Yeast cells are unicellular fungi that reproduce asexually by budding. In the budding of yeast, the parent cell pushes out part of its wall forming a bulge or bud. Then the nucleus divides by mitosis. One of the two new nuclei moves into the bud and the other one stays inside the parent cell. After a new wall forms between the two nuclei, the daughter cell may remain attached to the parent, or it may break away and produce a new yeast culture. In binary fission, the parent cell divides equally into two daughter cells. In budding the parent cell divides unequally. The daughter cell is smaller than the parent cell. But after budding is complete, the daughter cell may grow to the size of the parent. Organisms of the kingdom Fungi, such as the mould Penicillium and mushrooms, also reproduce by sporulation. The formation of spores or sporulation is another form of asexual reproduction. In sporulation, the parent organism produces a large number of spores. Each spore is a cell that was formed by mitosis and contains the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell. Moulds grow in thin web-like strands called hyphae. The hyphae grow over the surface of the food (bread) and eat the food for energy. Sporangia form on the tips of the hyphae that have grown across the surface. In each sporangium, hundreds of spores develop by mitosis. Vegetative propagation is a kind of asexual reproduction that can take place in any of the growing parts of plants. These parts may be roots, leaves, or stems, including the kinds of underground stems called tubers and bulbs. A potato is an example of a tuber, and an onion is an example of a bulb. The root of a carrot or turnip (the part we eat) placed in water will grow into a new plant. Strawberry plants propagate themselves by stem-like structures called runners. A runner takes root and produces a new plant. Many house plants, such as geraniums may be grown from stem cuttings placed in water. Bulbs of onions and tulips grow into complete new plants. The tubers of potatoes and yams sprout new plants from their eyes. In the kingdom Animalia, animals are divided into two main groups – vertebrates and invertebrates. Invertebrates, such as sponges, jellyfish, worms, shellfish and insects, make up about 97% of all animal species. Most invertebrates can reproduce by asexually means. Some animals are able to replace or regenerate a lost part. Lizards, starfish and planeria, can regenerate whole limbs. Lobsters can regenerate a lost claw. One arm of a starfish can re-grow a whole new body. Examples like these are sometimes called fragmentation, and are another example of asexual reproduction. 9 Mr. Storie DIAGRAM STUDIES 10S Science Reproduction A. On the line below each diagram, write the type of asexual reproduction that is shown. Choose from the following: sporulation budding regeneration binary fission 1. 2. 3. 4. B. One the line below each diagram, write the type of vegetative propagation that is shown. Choose from the following: tuber bulb leaf runner stem 5. 6. 7. 8. 10 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction QUESTIONS A. Decide whether each statement is true or false. Write T or F on the line before each statement. If the statement is false, correct the underlined word or phrase. ____ 1. In vegetative propagation, the new plant has the same chromosomes as the parent plant. ____ 2. A form of asexual reproduction in bread mold is binary fission. ____ 3. Regeneration is a form of asexual reproduction in the starfish. ____ 4. A lobster can grow a new claw by sporulation. ____ 5. In budding, the nuclei of the parent cell and daughter cell are different. ____ 6. The spores of a potato can sprout into a new plant. ____ 7. A strawberry plant can reproduce by runners. ____ 8. An amoeba has no true nucleus and reproduces by binary fission. B. In each blank write the word that will make the sentence true. Use the words below: Mitosis cutting bulbs root tubers equally unequally fungi 1. A group of organisms that can reproduce by spores are the ____________________. 2. In carrots, the organ of vegetative propagation is the ________. 3. The _________ of tulips and onions can grow into new plants. 4. In budding, the parent cell divides ___________________. 5. Geraniums may be reproduced from stem _______________. 6. In binary fission, the parent cell divides _________________. 7. Yams are a kind of underground stem called _______________. 8. A amoeba cell nucleus divides by ______________. C. Write simple diagrams to show the steps of Mitosis. 11 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 12 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 13 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 14 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: 1. State two differences between a somatic cell and a reproduction cell. 2. State two ways in which asexual and sexual reproduction differ. 3. Write two sentences that use the words haploid and diploid; gamete and body cell. Each sentence should use one of the words in each pair. 4. a. What are the two stages of meiosis labeled in the diagram above by the letters A and B? b. For each stage of meiosis shown in the diagram above, state the number of chromosomes. 5. What would happen to the offspring in sexual reproduction if meiosis did not occur? 6. Explain what the term homologous chromosomes mean in terms of meiosis? 15 Mr. Storie 10S Science 7. What are the two characteristics that identify mitosis? Reproduction 8. Fill in the blanks for the following statements. a. A male gamete is called a(n) _____ and a female gamete is called a(n) ______ . b. When two gametes unite, they form a ______ . c. The two stages of meiosis are ___________ and ___________ . d. During _________ reduction takes place. e. One parent cell will produce ________ daughter cells in meiosis. 9. Based on this statement, answer the following questions: An animal has 54 chromosomes in a somatic cell. a. The diploid number for this animal is___________. b. The haploid number for this animal is ___________. c. A gamete will have ________chromosomes. d. An egg will have ______ chromosomes. e. When the egg and sperm combine, there are ______ chromosomes. f. A cell taken from the animal's muscle has ______ chromosomes. 10. Show with pictures how the chromosomes of a cell are divided during Meiosis. Use 4 chromosomes in your example diagrams. 16 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce and store __________. 1. Complete the table below using the following diagram. A B C D E F G H I J 17 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 2. The part of the brain responsible for the production of hormones is the ______________________. 3. The two hormones produced in the pituitary gland are ____________and ______________. 4. Testosterone is produced in the ______________________. 5. What functions does testosterone have? 6. Write a brief description of the function of the sex organ or hormone in the table below. Sex Organ/Hormones Function Urethra Epididymis Testes Vas deferens Prostate gland Seminal vesicle Scrotum Androgens LH FSH 18 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: 1. The main sex organ in a female is the ________. 2. The main male reproductive hormone is ______________and the main female reproductive hormones are __________and _______________. 3. Once fertilization takes place cells reproduce by ____________. 4. Each cell in an embryo contains ____________ pairs of chromosomes. 5. Fill in the labels for the diagram showing the female reproductive system below A B C D E F G 19 Mr. Storie 10S Science 6. State the two stages in the female reproductive cycle and indicate their location. Reproduction 7. How do the production of sex cells in males and females differ? 8. What two hormones are present in both males and females? 9. Give a brief description of ovulation. 10. Contrast the reproductive function of the human male and female. 20 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Label the parts of the male reproductive system on the diagram below: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Bladder Prostate gland Urethra Penis Vas deferens Scrotum Testis Cowper’s gland Seminal vesicle Epididymis Fill in the blanks with the correct answers: _______________ occurs in the _______________ producing sperm with 23 _______________. Each human sperm cell has _______________ parts – a head, a middle region and a _______________. The head contains the _______________ with the _______________. The acrosome at the tip of the head enables the sperm to _______________ the _______________. The middle region contains the _______________ which produce energy. The tail, a long and slender _______________, moves the sperm. The testes are housed in the _______________. From the testes, sperm passes through the _______________, which is a storage and maturation area, to the _______________ where they are housed until delivery. The _______________ at the base of the urethra secretes a fluid that has a stimulating effect on the sperm. During intercourse, they travel to the _______________, where the reproductive and urinary tracts join, emptying through the _______________. An adult male produces _______________ continuously, several hundred million each day of his life. Those that are not ejaculated from the body are _______________ in a continual cycle of renewal. 21 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Label the parts of the male reproductive system on the diagram below: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Ovary Uterus Bladder Urethra Vagina Cervix Fallopian tubes Cowper’s gland Fill in the blanks with the correct answers: The female is born with about two million _______________ halted at prophase I, only 400 of which will mature into _______________ within her lifetime. On about the _______________ day of the menstrual cycle, the ovum is released from a _______________ on the surface of the _______________ at ovulation. _______________ move it into the _______________. Sperm are deposited in the _______________ which leads to the mouth of the _______________. They must make their way through the _______________, the muscular sphincter at the opening of the uterus, through the uterus, and up the Fallopian tube to fertilize the ovum within about 24 hours or the ovum will die. Peristaltic contractions move the ovum or zygote to the _______________ in about three days. If the ovum is not fertilized and implanted, _______________ will occur on day 28. In any egg cell, the sex chromosome is a (an) _______________ chromosome. In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome is either a (an) _______________, or a (an) _______________ chromosome. If a sperm with an X chromosome fertilized the egg, the sex chromosome pattern of the fertilized egg is _______________, and the offspring will be a _______________. If a sperm with a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the sex chromosome pattern of the fertilized egg is _______________ and the offspring will be a _______________. 22 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction HUMAN REPRODUCTION Fill in the blanks from the words list below. Words may be used more than once. Corpus luteum Estrogen Fallopian tube Menstruation Ovulation Vagina Implantation Ova LH (lutenizing hormone) Progesterone Prostate Testes Puberty Uterus Semen Vas deferens FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) Seminal fluid Seminal vesicles Follicles Ovary Scrotum The production of sperm takes place in the _______________. These paired glands are contained in a sac called the _______________. The sperm travel to the urethra through a long tube called the _______________. During this passage, _______________, secreted by the _______________, _______________ and Cowper’s glands are mixed with the sperm. This mixture is called _______________. During sexual intercourse, _______________ is released through the urethra and deposited in the female’s_______________. The female gonad is called the _______________. A female is born with all the egg cells, or _______________, that she will ever have, but they are immature. Beginning at _______________, the hormone_______________ is released from the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of eggs. The eggs are contained in saclike structures called_______________. Usually, only one of the eggs matures fully each month. As the _______________ enlarge, they secrete the hormone _______________, which causes the lining of the _______________ to thicken. After about 9 to 19 days, a surge of the hormone _______________ is released from the pituitary. This causes the fully developed _______________ to rupture, releasing a mature egg. This is called _______________. The empty follicle now becomes a mass of yellow tissue called the _______________. This secretes the hormone _______________ which further thickens the lining of the uterus in preparation for receiving and nourishing a fertilized egg. When the ovum is released during _______________, it enters a _______________ and begins its journey to the uterus. If it encounters sperm during this journey, it may be fertilized and begin dividing. When the fertilized egg reaches the uterus, if all goes well, _______________ will occur and a pregnancy will be established. If no fertilization occurs, the _______________ disintegrates in 13-15 days and _______________ occurs. Then the cycle begins again. 23 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction A MAMMAL EMBRYO Label the parts of the embryo in utero in the diagram below. Give the function/purpose for each part. a. Embryo b. Placenta c. Fallopian tube d. Uterine wall e. Umbilical cord f. Amnion g. Amniotic fluid h. Vagina i. Uterus Fill in the blanks with correct answers: After two months of development, the embryo is called a (an) _______________. The _______________ is formed in part from the inner lining of the uterus and in part from other membranes. It is through the placenta that the embryo/fetus is nourished while in the _______________ and _______________ are carried away. The _______________ connects the embryo/fetus with the placenta. It provides a transport system for placentalfetal circulation. The _______________ is the innermost of the extra embryonic membranes, and it forms a fluid-filled _______________, around the embryo/fetus. 24 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 25 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 26 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction Genetic Traits Data Collection This activity requires you to collect data about easily observable traits of friends and family. 1. You are given two tables below to fill with data. In the first table, record data from ten friends who are not related to you. In the second table record data that you have gathered from ten relatives. You may include mother and father, grandmother and grandfather, cousins, and so on. Table 1: Traits of Friends Characteristic Tongue Tongue Thumb Thumb Earlobe Earlobe Can Roll Can't Roll Bent Back Hairline Straight Attached Detached Smooth Hairline Pointed Friend 1 Friend 2 Friend 3 Friend 4 Friend 5 Friend 6 Friend 7 Friend 8 Friend 9 Friend 10 Table 2: Traits of Relatives Characteristic Tongue Tongue Thumb Thumb Earlobe Earlobe Can Roll Can't Roll Bent Back Hairline Straight Attached Detached Smooth Hairline Pointed Relative 1 Relative 2 Relative 3 Relative 4 Relative 5 Relative 6 Relative 7 Relative 8 Relative 9 Relative 10 27 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 2. Draw a bar graph showing the number of people who can roll their tongue, bend back their thumb, have attached earlobes and have smooth hairlines. Make one bar graph for your friends that could represent the population as a whole. Draw another bar graph for your family. 3. Which of the trait possibilities is dominant according to your data? Complete the table below. Trait Trait Alternatives Tongue Roll Tongue Won't roll Thumb Bends back Thumb Stays straight Earlobe Attached Earlobe Detached Hairline Smooth Hairline Pointed Number Friends Number family 4. Does your family have a trait that is not as common in the general population? If so, what would be the reason for it? 5. Where you able to observe any traits other than the ones on your list? Write some of them down and check them in friends and family. 28 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 29 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 30 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 31 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 32 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 33 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction In the following examples, C represents the dominant gene for curly hair and c represents the recessive gene for straight hair .For each question below CIRCLE the correct word that will complete the statement. You should be able to explain your answer. 1. An egg cell with the C allele is fertilized by a sperm with the C allele: The genotype of the resulting zygote will be ______. a. CC b. cc c. Cc 2. The zygote will be _____________. a. heterozygous b. homozygous 3. The resulting human will have the following phenotype, ____________. a. curly hair b. straight hair c. part curly, part straight 4. The resulting human will be able to produce the following gametes, _______________. a. C b. c c. C or c 5. If an egg cell c and a sperm cell c unite: The genotype of the resulting zygote will be ______. a. CC b. cc c. Cc 6. The zygote will be _____________. a. heterozygous b. homozygous 7. The resulting human will have the following phenotype, ____________. a. curly hair b. straight hair c. part curly, part straight 8. The resulting human will be able to produce the following gametes, _______________. a. C b. c c. C or c 34 Mr. Storie 9. If an egg cell C and a sperm cell c unite: 10S Science Reproduction The genotype of the resulting zygote will be ______. a. CC b. cc c. Cc 10. The zygote will be _____________. a. heterozygous b. homozygous 11. The resulting human will have the following phenotype, ____________. a. curly hair b. straight hair c. part curly, part straight 12. The resulting human will be able to produce the following gametes, _______________. a. C b. c c. C or c 13. If an egg cell c and a sperm cell C unite: The genotype of the resulting zygote will be ______. a. CC b. cc c. Cc 14. The zygote will be _____________. a. heterozygous b. homozygous 15. The resulting human will have the following phenotype, ____________. a. curly hair b. straight hair c. part curly, part straight 16. The resulting human will be able to produce the following gametes, _______________. a. C b. c c. C or c 35 Mr. Storie 10S Science COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING PUNNETT SQUARE QUESTIONS: Reproduction PART 1 1. If a father(CC) and a mother(cc) have children, what will be the expected proportion of the following genotypes? CC – cc – Cc – 2. If a father(cc) and a mother(CC) have children, what will be the expected proportion of the following genotypes? CC – cc – Cc – 3. If a father(Cc) and a mother(CC) have children, what will be the expected proportion of the possible genotypes? 4. If a father(Cc) and a mother(Cc) have children, what will be the expected proportion of the possible genotypes? PART 2 Using the example below as a guide to how to answer the questions that follow. Example Curly hair is dominant over straight hair. One parent has a curly hair and a straight hair allele. The other parent has two straight hair alleles. a. Write the dominant and recessive genes and assign letters to traits The curly hair allele is dominant (C) and the straight hair allele is recessive (c). b. Write the parental phenotypes Parent 1 - Curly haired Parent 2 - Straight haired c. Write the parental genotypes Parent 1 - Cc Parent 2 - cc d. Write whether the parents are homozygous or heterozygous Parent 1 - Heterozygous Parent 2 - Homozygous 36 Mr. Storie Questions 10S Science Reproduction 1. One parent has a dominant allele for dark hair and and a recessive allele for light hair. The other parent has two recessive alleles for light hair. a. Write the dominant and recessive genes with symbol letters b. Write the parental genotypes c. Write the parental phenotypes d. Write whether the parents are homozygous or heterozygous 2. One parent has two dominant alleles for dimples and the other parent has two recessive alleles for no dimples. a. Write the dominant and recessive genes with symbol letters b. Write the parental genotypes c. Write the parental phenotypes d. Write whether the parents are homozygous or heterozygous PART 3 1. Use the Punnett square given to predict the phenotypic and genotypic outcome (offspring) of a cross between a plant heterozygous for yellow (Yy) peas and a plant homozygous for green (yy) peas. Yellow is dominant and is shown by a capital Y, green is recessive and is shown by a small y. 2. In humans Large nose(N) is dominant over small nose(n). Use a Punnett Square to predict the phenotypes and genotypes that result from a cross between two parents heterozygous for big noses. 37 Mr. Storie 10S Science Reproduction 3. Brown eye colour(B) in humans is dominant over blue eye colour(b). Use a Punnett square to predict the phenotypes and genotypes that are produced when a homozygous brown eyed mother and a homozygous blue eyed father produce offspring. 4. Migraine headaches(H) are dominant over no migraine headaches(h). Use a Punnett Square to predict the probable phenotypes and genotypes when two parents heterozygous for migraine headaches produce offspring. 5. Recall that a mother is homozygous female and a father is heterozygous male. If the male gene is dominant, what is the probable phenotype and genotype for the offspring? Use a Punnet Square to illustrate your answer. 38