Download Cells The Basic Unit of Life

Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
REPRODUCTION
1
Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
Cells - The Basics Units of Life
1. Read pages 142 – 143 in your textbook.
2. Label the diagrams given for a plant and an animal cell.
3. Complete the table below, giving definition / function and location / shape of each new structure.
(You will need to check the Glossary for some of the words).
STRUCTURE
DEFINITION and FUNCTION
LOCATION and SHAPE
Organelle
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chromosome
Ribosome
Mitochondria
*Cellular
Respiration
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi
Apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Centriole
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Cilia
Flagellum
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
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Mr. Storie
QUESTIONS:
10S Science
Reproduction
1. What are the three components of the Cell Theory (page 147)?
2. List the 3 main differences between plant cells and animal cells?
3. Where in the cell is genetic information found?
4. Use the glossary and index of your textbook to research the word Photosynthesis. Write any useful
information down below:
a. With your knowledge of photosynthesis, explain what plants cells can do that no animal cell can.
b. What cell structure allows plants to carry out this unique function?
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
The Cell
Reproduction
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APPARATUS
CHLOROPLAST
CYTOPLASM
EUKARYOTE
GOLGI
MICROTUBULE
NUCLEUS
RETICULUM
VACUOLE
ORGANELLE
RIBOSOME
PROKARYOTE
CELL
CHROMATIN
CYTOSKELETON
FILAMENT
LYSOSOME
MITOCHONDRIA
CHLOROPHYLL
CILIA
ENDOPLASMIC
FLAGELLA
MEMBRANE
NUCLEOLUS
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
Forms of Asexual Reproduction
In all the forms of asexual reproduction, there is just one parent. The unicellular organisms of the Protista
kingdom, such as the amoeba, reproduce asexually by standard mitosis. Members of the Monera kingdom,
such as bacteria, are single-celled organisms that do not contain a true nucleus. Bacteria reproduce asexually by
a process called binary fission.
Yeast cells are unicellular fungi that reproduce asexually by budding. In the budding of yeast, the parent cell
pushes out part of its wall forming a bulge or bud. Then the nucleus divides by mitosis. One of the two new
nuclei moves into the bud and the other one stays inside the parent cell. After a new wall forms between the
two nuclei, the daughter cell may remain attached to the parent, or it may break away and produce a new yeast
culture.
In binary fission, the parent cell divides equally into two daughter cells. In budding the parent cell divides
unequally. The daughter cell is smaller than the parent cell. But after budding is complete, the daughter cell
may grow to the size of the parent.
Organisms of the kingdom Fungi, such as the mould Penicillium and mushrooms, also reproduce by
sporulation. The formation of spores or sporulation is another form of asexual reproduction. In sporulation,
the parent organism produces a large number of spores. Each spore is a cell that was formed by mitosis and
contains the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Moulds grow in thin web-like strands called hyphae. The hyphae grow over the surface of the food (bread) and
eat the food for energy. Sporangia form on the tips of the hyphae that have grown across the surface. In each
sporangium, hundreds of spores develop by mitosis.
Vegetative propagation is a kind of asexual reproduction that can take place in any of the growing parts of
plants. These parts may be roots, leaves, or stems, including the kinds of underground stems called tubers and
bulbs. A potato is an example of a tuber, and an onion is an example of a bulb.
The root of a carrot or turnip (the part we eat) placed in water will grow into a new plant. Strawberry plants
propagate themselves by stem-like structures called runners. A runner takes root and produces a new plant.
Many house plants, such as geraniums may be grown from stem cuttings placed in water. Bulbs of onions and
tulips grow into complete new plants. The tubers of potatoes and yams sprout new plants from their eyes.
In the kingdom Animalia, animals are divided into two main groups – vertebrates and invertebrates.
Invertebrates, such as sponges, jellyfish, worms, shellfish and insects, make up about 97% of all animal species.
Most invertebrates can reproduce by asexually means. Some animals are able to replace or regenerate a lost
part. Lizards, starfish and planeria, can regenerate whole limbs. Lobsters can regenerate a lost claw. One arm
of a starfish can re-grow a whole new body. Examples like these are sometimes called fragmentation, and are
another example of asexual reproduction.
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Mr. Storie
DIAGRAM STUDIES
10S Science
Reproduction
A. On the line below each diagram, write the type of asexual reproduction that is shown. Choose from the
following: sporulation budding regeneration binary fission
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. One the line below each diagram, write the type of vegetative propagation that is shown. Choose from
the following: tuber bulb leaf runner stem
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
QUESTIONS
A. Decide whether each statement is true or false. Write T or F on the line before each statement. If the
statement is false, correct the underlined word or phrase.
____ 1. In vegetative propagation, the new plant has the same chromosomes as the parent plant.
____ 2. A form of asexual reproduction in bread mold is binary fission.
____ 3. Regeneration is a form of asexual reproduction in the starfish.
____ 4. A lobster can grow a new claw by sporulation.
____ 5. In budding, the nuclei of the parent cell and daughter cell are different.
____ 6. The spores of a potato can sprout into a new plant.
____ 7. A strawberry plant can reproduce by runners.
____ 8. An amoeba has no true nucleus and reproduces by binary fission.
B. In each blank write the word that will make the sentence true. Use the words below:
Mitosis cutting bulbs root tubers equally unequally fungi
1. A group of organisms that can reproduce by spores are the ____________________.
2. In carrots, the organ of vegetative propagation is the ________.
3. The _________ of tulips and onions can grow into new plants.
4. In budding, the parent cell divides ___________________.
5. Geraniums may be reproduced from stem _______________.
6. In binary fission, the parent cell divides _________________.
7. Yams are a kind of underground stem called _______________.
8. A amoeba cell nucleus divides by ______________.
C. Write simple diagrams to show the steps of Mitosis.
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
1. State two differences between a somatic cell and a reproduction cell.
2. State two ways in which asexual and sexual reproduction differ.
3. Write two sentences that use the words haploid and diploid; gamete and body cell. Each sentence should
use one of the words in each pair.
4.
a. What are the two stages of meiosis labeled in the diagram above by the letters A and B?
b. For each stage of meiosis shown in the diagram above, state the number of chromosomes.
5. What would happen to the offspring in sexual reproduction if meiosis did not occur?
6. Explain what the term homologous chromosomes mean in terms of meiosis?
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
7. What are the two characteristics that identify mitosis?
Reproduction
8. Fill in the blanks for the following statements.
a. A male gamete is called a(n) _____ and a female gamete is called a(n) ______ .
b. When two gametes unite, they form a ______ .
c. The two stages of meiosis are ___________ and ___________ .
d. During _________ reduction takes place.
e. One parent cell will produce ________ daughter cells in meiosis.
9. Based on this statement, answer the following questions:
An animal has 54 chromosomes in a somatic cell.
a. The diploid number for this animal is___________.
b. The haploid number for this animal is ___________.
c. A gamete will have ________chromosomes.
d. An egg will have ______ chromosomes.
e. When the egg and sperm combine, there are ______ chromosomes.
f. A cell taken from the animal's muscle has ______ chromosomes.
10. Show with pictures how the chromosomes of a cell are divided during Meiosis. Use 4 chromosomes in
your example diagrams.
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce and store __________.
1. Complete the table below using the following diagram.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
2. The part of the brain responsible for the production of hormones is the ______________________.
3. The two hormones produced in the pituitary gland are ____________and ______________.
4. Testosterone is produced in the ______________________.
5. What functions does testosterone have?
6. Write a brief description of the function of the sex organ or hormone in the table below.
Sex Organ/Hormones
Function
Urethra
Epididymis
Testes
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicle
Scrotum
Androgens
LH
FSH
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
1. The main sex organ in a female is the ________.
2. The main male reproductive hormone is ______________and the main female reproductive hormones are
__________and _______________.
3. Once fertilization takes place cells reproduce by ____________.
4. Each cell in an embryo contains ____________ pairs of chromosomes.
5.
Fill in the labels for the diagram showing the female reproductive system below
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
6. State the two stages in the female reproductive cycle and indicate their location.
Reproduction
7. How do the production of sex cells in males and females differ?
8. What two hormones are present in both males and females?
9. Give a brief description of ovulation.
10. Contrast the reproductive function of the human male and female.
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Label the parts of the male reproductive system on the diagram below:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Bladder
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Vas deferens
Scrotum
Testis
Cowper’s gland
Seminal vesicle
Epididymis
Fill in the blanks with the correct answers:
_______________ occurs in the _______________ producing sperm with 23 _______________. Each human
sperm cell has _______________ parts – a head, a middle region and a _______________. The head contains
the _______________ with the _______________. The acrosome at the tip of the head enables the sperm to
_______________ the _______________. The middle region contains the _______________ which produce
energy. The tail, a long and slender _______________, moves the sperm.
The testes are housed in the _______________. From the testes, sperm passes through the _______________,
which is a storage and maturation area, to the _______________ where they are housed until delivery. The
_______________ at the base of the urethra secretes a fluid that has a stimulating effect on the sperm. During
intercourse, they travel to the _______________, where the reproductive and urinary tracts join, emptying
through the _______________. An adult male produces _______________ continuously, several hundred
million each day of his life. Those that are not ejaculated from the body are _______________ in a continual
cycle of renewal.
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Label the parts of the male reproductive system on the diagram below:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Ovary
Uterus
Bladder
Urethra
Vagina
Cervix
Fallopian tubes
Cowper’s gland
Fill in the blanks with the correct answers:
The female is born with about two million _______________ halted at prophase I, only 400 of which will
mature into _______________ within her lifetime. On about the _______________ day of the menstrual cycle,
the ovum is released from a _______________ on the surface of the _______________ at ovulation.
_______________ move it into the _______________. Sperm are deposited in the _______________ which
leads to the mouth of the _______________. They must make their way through the _______________, the
muscular sphincter at the opening of the uterus, through the uterus, and up the Fallopian tube to fertilize the
ovum within about 24 hours or the ovum will die. Peristaltic contractions move the ovum or zygote to the
_______________ in about three days. If the ovum is not fertilized and implanted, _______________ will
occur on day 28.
In any egg cell, the sex chromosome is a (an) _______________ chromosome. In a sperm cell, the sex
chromosome is either a (an) _______________, or a (an) _______________ chromosome. If a sperm with an X
chromosome fertilized the egg, the sex chromosome pattern of the fertilized egg is _______________, and the
offspring will be a _______________. If a sperm with a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the sex chromosome
pattern of the fertilized egg is _______________ and the offspring will be a _______________.
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Fill in the blanks from the words list below. Words may be used more than once.
Corpus luteum
Estrogen
Fallopian tube
Menstruation
Ovulation
Vagina
Implantation
Ova
LH (lutenizing hormone) Progesterone
Prostate
Testes
Puberty
Uterus
Semen
Vas deferens
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Seminal fluid
Seminal vesicles
Follicles
Ovary
Scrotum
The production of sperm takes place in the _______________. These paired glands are contained in a sac
called the _______________. The sperm travel to the urethra through a long tube called the _______________.
During this passage, _______________, secreted by the _______________, _______________ and Cowper’s
glands are mixed with the sperm. This mixture is called _______________. During sexual intercourse,
_______________ is released through the urethra and deposited in the female’s_______________. The female
gonad is called the _______________. A female is born with all the egg cells, or _______________, that she
will ever have, but they are immature. Beginning at _______________, the hormone_______________ is
released from the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of eggs. The eggs are contained in saclike structures
called_______________. Usually, only one of the eggs matures fully each month. As the _______________
enlarge, they secrete the hormone _______________, which causes the lining of the _______________ to
thicken. After about 9 to 19 days, a surge of the hormone _______________ is released from the pituitary.
This causes the fully developed _______________ to rupture, releasing a mature egg.
This is called
_______________. The empty follicle now becomes a mass of yellow tissue called the _______________.
This secretes the hormone _______________ which further thickens the lining of the uterus in preparation for
receiving and nourishing a fertilized egg. When the ovum is released during _______________, it enters a
_______________ and begins its journey to the uterus. If it encounters sperm during this journey, it may be
fertilized and begin dividing. When the fertilized egg reaches the uterus, if all goes well, _______________
will occur and a pregnancy will be established. If no fertilization occurs, the _______________ disintegrates in
13-15 days and _______________ occurs. Then the cycle begins again.
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
A MAMMAL EMBRYO
Label the parts of the embryo in utero in the diagram below. Give the function/purpose for each part.
a. Embryo
b. Placenta
c. Fallopian tube
d. Uterine wall
e. Umbilical cord
f. Amnion
g. Amniotic fluid
h. Vagina
i. Uterus
Fill in the blanks with correct answers:
After two months of development, the embryo is called a (an) _______________. The _______________ is
formed in part from the inner lining of the uterus and in part from other membranes. It is through the placenta
that the embryo/fetus is nourished while in the _______________ and _______________ are carried away. The
_______________ connects the embryo/fetus with the placenta. It provides a transport system for placentalfetal circulation. The _______________ is the innermost of the extra embryonic membranes, and it forms a
fluid-filled _______________, around the embryo/fetus.
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
Genetic Traits Data Collection
This activity requires you to collect data about easily observable traits of friends and family.
1. You are given two tables below to fill with data. In the first table, record data from ten friends who are not
related to you. In the second table record data that you have gathered from ten relatives. You may include
mother and father, grandmother and grandfather, cousins, and so on.
Table 1: Traits of Friends
Characteristic Tongue Tongue Thumb Thumb Earlobe Earlobe
Can
Roll
Can't
Roll
Bent
Back
Hairline
Straight Attached Detached Smooth
Hairline
Pointed
Friend 1
Friend 2
Friend 3
Friend 4
Friend 5
Friend 6
Friend 7
Friend 8
Friend 9
Friend 10
Table 2: Traits of Relatives
Characteristic Tongue Tongue Thumb Thumb Earlobe Earlobe
Can
Roll
Can't
Roll
Bent
Back
Hairline
Straight Attached Detached Smooth
Hairline
Pointed
Relative 1
Relative 2
Relative 3
Relative 4
Relative 5
Relative 6
Relative 7
Relative 8
Relative 9
Relative 10
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
2. Draw a bar graph showing the number of people who can roll their tongue, bend back their thumb, have
attached earlobes and have smooth hairlines. Make one bar graph for your friends that could represent the
population as a whole. Draw another bar graph for your family.
3. Which of the trait possibilities is dominant according to your data? Complete the table below.
Trait
Trait Alternatives
Tongue
Roll
Tongue
Won't roll
Thumb
Bends back
Thumb
Stays straight
Earlobe
Attached
Earlobe
Detached
Hairline
Smooth
Hairline
Pointed
Number Friends
Number family
4. Does your family have a trait that is not as common in the general population? If so, what would be the
reason for it?
5. Where you able to observe any traits other than the ones on your list? Write some of them down and check
them in friends and family.
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
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10S Science
Reproduction
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
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10S Science
Reproduction
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10S Science
Reproduction
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
In the following examples, C represents the dominant gene for curly hair and c represents the recessive
gene for straight hair
.For each question below CIRCLE the correct word that will complete the statement. You should be able to
explain your answer.
1. An egg cell with the C allele is fertilized by a sperm with the C allele:
The genotype of the resulting zygote will be ______.
a. CC
b. cc
c. Cc
2. The zygote will be _____________.
a. heterozygous
b. homozygous
3. The resulting human will have the following phenotype, ____________.
a. curly hair
b. straight hair
c. part curly, part straight
4. The resulting human will be able to produce the following gametes, _______________.
a. C
b. c
c. C or c
5. If an egg cell c and a sperm cell c unite:
The genotype of the resulting zygote will be ______.
a. CC
b. cc
c. Cc
6. The zygote will be _____________.
a. heterozygous
b. homozygous
7. The resulting human will have the following phenotype, ____________.
a. curly hair
b. straight hair
c. part curly, part straight
8. The resulting human will be able to produce the following gametes, _______________.
a. C
b. c
c. C or c
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Mr. Storie
9. If an egg cell C and a sperm cell c unite:
10S Science
Reproduction
The genotype of the resulting zygote will be ______.
a. CC
b. cc
c. Cc
10. The zygote will be _____________.
a. heterozygous
b. homozygous
11. The resulting human will have the following phenotype, ____________.
a. curly hair
b. straight hair
c. part curly, part straight
12. The resulting human will be able to produce the following gametes, _______________.
a. C
b. c
c. C or c
13. If an egg cell c and a sperm cell C unite:
The genotype of the resulting zygote will be ______.
a. CC
b. cc
c. Cc
14. The zygote will be _____________.
a. heterozygous
b. homozygous
15. The resulting human will have the following phenotype, ____________.
a. curly hair
b. straight hair
c. part curly, part straight
16. The resulting human will be able to produce the following gametes, _______________.
a. C
b. c
c. C or c
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING PUNNETT SQUARE QUESTIONS:
Reproduction
PART 1
1. If a father(CC) and a mother(cc) have children, what will be the expected proportion of the following
genotypes?
CC –
cc –
Cc –
2. If a father(cc) and a mother(CC) have children, what will be the expected proportion of the following
genotypes?
CC –
cc –
Cc –
3. If a father(Cc) and a mother(CC) have children, what will be the expected proportion of the possible
genotypes?
4. If a father(Cc) and a mother(Cc) have children, what will be the expected proportion of the possible
genotypes?
PART 2
Using the example below as a guide to how to answer the questions that follow.
Example
Curly hair is dominant over straight hair. One parent has a curly hair and a straight hair allele. The other parent
has two straight hair alleles.
a. Write the dominant and recessive genes and assign letters to traits
The curly hair allele is dominant (C) and the straight hair allele is recessive (c).
b. Write the parental phenotypes
Parent 1 - Curly haired
Parent 2 - Straight haired
c. Write the parental genotypes
Parent 1 - Cc
Parent 2 - cc
d. Write whether the parents are homozygous or heterozygous
Parent 1 - Heterozygous
Parent 2 - Homozygous
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Mr. Storie
Questions
10S Science
Reproduction
1. One parent has a dominant allele for dark hair and and a recessive allele for light hair. The other parent has
two recessive alleles for light hair.
a. Write the dominant and recessive genes with symbol letters
b. Write the parental genotypes
c. Write the parental phenotypes
d. Write whether the parents are homozygous or heterozygous
2. One parent has two dominant alleles for dimples and the other parent has two recessive alleles for no
dimples.
a. Write the dominant and recessive genes with symbol letters
b. Write the parental genotypes
c. Write the parental phenotypes
d. Write whether the parents are homozygous or heterozygous
PART 3
1. Use the Punnett square given to predict the phenotypic and genotypic outcome (offspring) of a cross
between a plant heterozygous for yellow (Yy) peas and a plant homozygous for green (yy) peas. Yellow
is dominant and is shown by a capital Y, green is recessive and is shown by a small y.
2. In humans Large nose(N) is dominant over small nose(n). Use a Punnett Square to predict the
phenotypes and genotypes that result from a cross between two parents heterozygous for big noses.
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Mr. Storie
10S Science
Reproduction
3. Brown eye colour(B) in humans is dominant over blue eye colour(b). Use a Punnett square to predict the
phenotypes and genotypes that are produced when a homozygous brown eyed mother and a homozygous
blue eyed father produce offspring.
4. Migraine headaches(H) are dominant over no migraine headaches(h). Use a Punnett Square to predict
the probable phenotypes and genotypes when two parents heterozygous for migraine headaches produce
offspring.
5. Recall that a mother is homozygous female and a father is heterozygous male. If the male gene is
dominant, what is the probable phenotype and genotype for the offspring? Use a Punnet Square to
illustrate your answer.
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