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•World’s oldest religion HINDUISM Indus Valley •3rd largest religion •900 million followers 1000 BC “Aryans” migrated to India “cultural diffused” with Indian people Hinduism developed ”Santana Dharma” – Eternal Religion “Aum” GOAL OF HINDUISM “Moksha” Re-uniting your Atman with God HINDU BELIEFS Rebirth of the “soul” Continuous cycle of rebirth Cause and Effect According as one acts, so does he become. One becomes virtuous by virtuous action, bad by bad action. --Yajur Veda, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5 Karma affected by: 1. Individual Karma 2. “Group” Karma Duty / Obligation Bhagavad Gita HINDU BELIEFS NIYAMAS things no one should do Ahimsa – no harm Satya – no lies Asteya – no stealing Brahmacharya – no overindulging Aparigraha – no greed things everyone should do Saucha – keep clean Santosha – be content Tapas – self-discipline Svadhyaya – study wisdom of Hinduism Ishvara Pranidhana – surrender to God HINDU BELIEFS NO Satan 1)God cannot have a rival 2)there is no place God is not present Sin a)”Avidya” = Ignorance b)”Maya” = Illusion leads to Avidya sets you back in next life Takes longer to reach Moksha SACRED BOOKS 1) VEDAS oldest text “polytheistic” Emphasizes sacrifice 2) Upanishads “sitting down beside” contains the “hidden meanings” of the practices in the Vedas to help understand the reality and meaning of life “monotheistic” – all gods come from Introduced concepts of Moksha, Karma, Samsara, Atman, Yoga Emphasizes Meditation SALTWATER TEST From Chandogya Upanishad Trying to relay idea that god is present, but not seen Father says to his son, place this salt in a glass of water and come to me tomorrow morning.” His son did as he was commanded and in the morning his father said to him: “Bring me the salt you put into the water last night.” His son looked into the water, but could not find it, for it had dissolved. His father then said, “Taste the water from this side. How is it?” “It is salt.” “Taste it from the middle. How is it?” “It is salt.” Taste it from that side. How is it?” “It is salt.” “Look for the salt and come again to me.” The son did so, saying: “I cannot see the salt. I only see water.” His father then said: “In the same way, O my son, you cannot see the Spirit, but in truth he is here. An invisible but subtle essence is the Spirit of the whole universe. That is Reality. That is Truth. THOU ART THAT.” SACRED BOOKS 3) BHAGAVAD GITA “Song of God” illustrates how “good” Hindus should live illustrates that choosing God over individual strengths and temptations is right decision Discussion between Arjuna (warrior) and Krishna (god) before a battle Arjuna does not want to fight Krishna (8th avatar of Vishnu) gives 2 reasons to fight: 1)it is your Dharma to fight 2)good must defeat evil SACRED BOOKS 4) LAW OF MANU – “Caste System” “All men are created UNEQUAL” • Unless “unequals” are separated, the weak must compete against the strong and they stand no chance of being successful 1)Brahmins – priests (EYES) 2)Kshatriyas – chiefs / warriors (HEAD) 3)Vaishyas – commoners / merchants (ARMS) 4)Shudras – unskilled workers (LEGS) 5)”Untouchables” (Outcastes / Harijan) – considered “impure” from birth – perform jobs considered “unclean” MAIN HINDU GODS BRAHMA = Creator VISHNU = PROTECTOR Very popular :: Maintains law/order :: “avatar” lord Krishna Very popular :: destroys all that is evil :: makes “rebirth” possible GANESHA REMOVES OBSTACLES Very popular :: wisdom :: “clears” paths 4 PATHS TO MOKSHA PEOPLE ARE DIFFERENT 1) Karma Yoga – path of work – dedicate work to god…daily living is a devotion – do our best because that is the work God has put in front of us – No attachment to success or failure 2) Jnana Yoga – path of knowledge – Spiritual knowledge – Study and learn lessons of the masters 4 PATHS TO MOKSHA 3) Bhakti Yoga – path of love – Devoted to loving a god – If you truly love Me, you’ll love everyone – Surrender to God – “hang out with God” 4) Raja Yoga – “Royal Yoga” – Concentrate so you can reach the “self” within you and become one with Brahman – MEDITATION