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How much Molybdenum is required daily? A)2 grams B)2 mcg C) 2000mcg D)2 kg
Where can Molybdenum be found? Nuts, canned vegetables, bread, cereals
Why is Molybdenum essential? Essential component of enzymes(Xanthine enzymes)
How much Iron is in the body? 2-4 Grams
How much Iron is required daily? 10-20mg/day
What is caused by an Iron deficiency? Anemia
What is Hemochromatosis? A genetic disorder in which the body absorbs an abnormal amount of
iron.
Where is Iron stored during hemochromatosis? Heart, liver, pancreas, joints.
What does hemochromatosis contribute to? Heart and liver disease, diabetes and arthritis.
Which molecule contains Iron at its center and binds to oxygen? Hemoglobin.
What was done in medieval times to the wine? Nails were added to increase Iron concentration.
Which foods are high in Iron? Steak, Broccoli.
How is Iron best absorbed? With Vitamin C intake. Vitamin C aids absorption in the
Gastrointestinal tract.
What is Geritrol? A good Iron source. It is a multiple vitamin tonic.
Name a once a day supplement of Iron? SlowFe.
What is Porphyria? An inherited condition in which porphryn is overproduced which binds to Iron
causing reddish skin and excessive hair growth.
Which bacterial culture needs Zinc to multiply? Asperillius Niger.
What does ionic Zinc look like? White Crystalline solid.
What percentage of the body is Zinc? .003%
Which enzyme requires Zinc? Insulin.
What is Zinc associated with in terms of body functions? Healing, Smell, Taste, Circulation.
What disorder is characterized by a lack of taste? Anosmia.
Which disease causes poor circulation that is associated with Zinc? Ranaud’s disease.
What has Zinc also been linked with, but not entirely proven? Schizophrenia, Prostate problems.
Which foods are good sources of Zinc? Oysters, Peanuts, Meat.
How much Zinc is required daily? 50 mg per day.
Which food group sequesters Zinc and draws it out of the body? Fiber.
How many enzymes are connected with Zinc? 200.
Name three important enzymes associated with Zinc? Alcohol dehydrogenase, RNA polymerase,
tRNA synthetase.
What process does Elemental Iodine go through when exposed to heat? Sublimation(transfer
directly from solid to gaseous state)
What is caused by a deficiency of ionic iodine? Goiter
What is iodine needed for? Fat Metabolism.
How much Potassium Iodide is added to salt, percentage wise? .01%
How much iodine is needed daily? 150 Mcg.
Which salt producing country has had problems with prevalent levels of goiter? Kazakhstan
How much money is spent on adding Iodide to salt in Kazakhstan? 5 cents per person per year
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In what form is Selenium found in the diet? Selenite
How much Selenium is required daily? 50 Micrograms.
What complex is Selenium part of? Glutathione peroxidase
Where can selenium be found in food? Garlic, onions, seaweed, Brazil nuts, Tuna.
Which country produce the most garlic and how much? China, 75%, 12 Million metric tons.
Where is calcium found in the body? 99% bones and teeth  1 kg 1% nerve transmission/blood
clotting.
Who determined that Calcium is needed for nerve impulse? Dr. Sidney Ringer.
What have calcium consumption trends shown? Women are much lower in their intake of calcium,
thus making osteoporosis more prone in women than men.
What did the Swimming Research results show? Men consumer 2.7X the RDA whereas women
were barely over 1x the consumption of Calcium.
What are low levels of calcium linked to? Mid life hypertension, heart disease.\
What do low levels of calcium CAUSE? Postmenopausal osteoporosis in women and senile
osteoporosis.
What % of the population suffers from Osteoperosis? 10%
How many hip fractures occur yearly? 350,000
What are some risk factors of osteoporosis? Smoking, Alcoholism, Physical Inactivity, Short
Statue, Underweight, Excess Protein
What is the resorption rate of elderly women? 1-5%/year
Usually how long after women are men affected by this resorption rate? 10-20 years later.
After a 10% loss of hip mass, the rate of hip fractures goes up by how much? 170%
What are osteoclasts? Cells that remove Calcium from the bone mass.
Which drug is being used to inhibit osteoclasts? Fosamax(Alendronate)
How much bone mass does Fosamax increase yearly? 3%
What are some side effects of Fosamax? GI Tract abnormalities, nausea, cramping, gas,
obstipation and ONJ(osteonecrosis of the jaw)
What other drug is used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal woman? Zometa/Reclast
Why is Zometa convenient? It is a once a year injection.
What is the mineral of bones called? Hydroxy apatite
What 3 compounds in the blood are used to build bones? Calcium ions, Phosphate Ions, Hydroxy
group.
Why is fluoride beneficial? It replaces the hydroxyl group, creating stronger bones and teeth.
What cells build bones? Osteoblasts.
How much money is spent on Calcium supplements? 600 Million
What do supplements contain? Calcium Carbonate.
What enhances calcium absorption? Acids secreted in the stomach.
Which milk has the highest content of calcium? All milks have the same content of calcium.
Why has it been shown that calcium supplementation may increase the risk of hip fractures?
Calcium carbonate and calcium citrate interfere with phosphate absorption, which is needed for
bone building.
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Which food sources contain phosphorus? Milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, fish, chicken and Coca Cola.
What is found in Coca Cola? Phosphoric Acid.
What are some sources of Calcium? Sardine, Yogurt, Skim Milk, Whole Milk.
How much Calcium is required? 1000 to 1500 mg daily
What are some ways to detect calcium levels? Blood, XRay, CT Scan, Photon Absorptiometry.
Which method is most used and why? Photon Absorptiometry because it is non invasive and
simple.
Where does Absorptiometry measure calcium content? The wrist.
What bone is the femoral neck associated with? Hip.
What have proton pump inhibitors been associated with? Lower calcium absorption due to
reduced acid thus increasing the risk of hip fractures.
What is one downside of Calcium Therapy? Too much calcium in the arteries can cause heartattacks in postmenopausal women. 50% chance more than placebos.
When is calcium uptake better? When Vitamin D is enhanced in the diet.
What is Calcitonin? A 32 Amino Acid Peptide that plays a role in calcium and phosphate
metabolism.
What two drugs have been used as Estrogen mimics? Premarin and Raloxifene
Which Estrogen mimic has less side effects? Raloxifene.
What have recent long term studies shown about the effects of estrogen? Estrogen helps
osteoporosis and may increase heart disease but increase risks of breast and uterine cancer.
What is Prempro? Drug containing estrogen and progestin.
What have recent long term studies shown about the effects of Prempro? Prempro helps prevent
osteoporosis, does not affect the rate of uterine cancer but may increase the risk of breast cancer
and does not help control heart disease.
What did the WHI.org study show? The study showed that the women taking estrogen and
progestin supplements were putting themselves more at risk of heart attack, stroke, breast cancer
and blot clots while only benefiting with a lower late of colorectal cancer and hip fracture.
Which therapy has shown to be effective with very little side effects? Fluoridation.
What does fluoride therapy do? Stimulates osteoblast formation.
Which therapy has been shown to build bone mass without supplements? Exercise
Which foods contain high levels of Boron? Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts
How much UV-B(Vitamin D) is needed for optimal Calcium maintaining? 500 IU/day
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LECTURE 3: FOOD ADDITIVES
What is a cancer causing compound deriving from Morpholine? Nitrosomorpholine.
What do nitrates in the body convert to? Nitrosamine  Carcinogenic.
How many deaths were caused by the 1952 smog in London? 8000
What did the roman sweeten their wine with? Lead Acetate
What colored vegetables in the Middle Ages? Copper Salts
What was Plaster of Paris(CaSO4) used for? An adulterant in flour.
Where is Cyanide present? Almonds, Lima Beans, Fruit Seeds, Cassava roots.
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What ingredient previously found in root beer was found to be carcinogenic? Safrole.
Ingredients in Sassafras leave were precursors to what drug? Ecstasy.
What is the number one food additive in Canada? Salt.
What is the number one additive in USA? Sugar (Salt is second.)
How much Salt is consumed per person per year in Canada? 10 lbs.
What has Salt been associated with? Hypertension.
Sodium found in the present of what molecule seems to affect hypertension the most? Chlorine
atoms.
What is being used as an alternative to sodium chloride? Potassium chloride
What is added to KCl to reduce bitterness? Ornithyltaurine  Amino acid.
What can be done to increase the “saltiness” of salt? Reduce the size of crystals.
What does MSG stand for? Monosodium Glutamate.
How much of chemical additives does one use per year? 1 pound.
How many additives by weight are added altogether? 160 lbs.
How many chemicals are found within the 1 lb of chemicals? 2000 Chemicals.
What is the lethal dose of water? ~10 Liters of water.
What is polydipsia? A condition in which people have to compulsively drink water.
What is Water Intoxication? An imbalance of electrolytes that causes brain problems and
eventually death.
Through which process does one die from drinking water? Osmosis.
What is Osmosis? A fluid movement from a place of low solute concentration to a place of high
solute concentration.
How many different families of taste are there? 5 Families.
Name the 5 Families of taste? Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter and UMAMI.
Who came up with the idea of UMAMI? Dr. Ikeda.
What does Umami mean? Flavorful. Increased Salivation + Sensitivity
What is an adverse reaction to MSG? CRS Chinese restaurant Syndrome.
CRS is also known as? Kwok’s Disease.
What is the parent compound of MSG? Glutamic Acid.
How is MSG made? Molasses are fed to Bacteria which produce Glutamic Acid, which, when
reacted with NaOH creates MSG.
What has been conclusively tied to MSG adverse effects? Asthma attacks.
How many people die of anaphylactic shock? 200 people
What happens during this shock? Blood pressure drops to deadly levels.
What must be done in case of shock? Injection of Epinephrine (Adrenaline) to raise pressure.
What is STP? Sodium tripolyphosphate.
What does STP do? It traps moisture more effectively.
What are two reasons Salt is added to food? Preservatives and taste.
Who was the first to realize that food spoilage was caused by microorganisms? Louis Pasteur.
What happens to Microorganisms in concentrated solutions? They shrink due to dehydration and
die as a result.
44. Why is no salt used as a preservative in Ketchup? Sugar is just as strong of a preservative and
thus salt is unnecessary.
45. What other non additive can be used as a preservative? Smoke. It contains chemicals that are
toxic to the bacteria, and the heat dehydrates the food.
46. How many people are affected by food poisoning in Canada? 2-3 Million
47. How many people die of food poisoning in Canada? 30 deaths
48. How many in the US? 20-80 Million cases 10000 deaths.
49. What was found in Spinach that caused death? E. Coli
50. What have food poisoning trends shown? An increase in the rate of food poisoning.
51. What may be two reasons for increased poisoning? Industrial Agriculture and use of antibiotics in
food agriculture.
52. What percentage of antibiotics is used in animal feed? 50%
53. Why is this huge problem? The animals harbor resistant bacteria that can be extremely
dangerous.
54. What chemicals are used as emulsifiers? Polysorbate 60 and Glycerides.
55. How many of the 2000 chemicals are flavor additives? 1800 chemicals.
56. What is an ingredient responsible for the flavor of vanilla? Vanillin.
57. How many different colors are there? 10 Synthetic Colors, 24 Natural Colors.
58. What is the most widely used food color in North America? Caramel.
59. Why is Caramel the most used color? Coca Cola products used caramel coloring and represent a
huge market for the food coloring industry(90%).
60. Which two colors give the yellowish color? Beta Carotene and Canthaxantin.
61. What cosmetic product used Beta-Carotene? Tanning Pills.
62. Why could this be successful? Beta Carotene is fat soluble and deposits on the layer under the
skin, thus giving an orange tint. NOW ILLEGAL.
63. Why is color added during winter season only for butter? In the winter, cows eat hay and thus loose
the color usually caused by grass and thus coloring is added.
64. What is cochineal red extracted from? Female insects on cacti have dye contained within their
eggs.
65. What is the problem with natural food dyes? They are not as stable as synthetic dyes.
66. What factor affects color of natural dyes? Acidity of the solution.
67. In the past where were synthetic dyes extracted from? Coal Tar.
68. What does a “certified” dye mean? This means the dyes have a certified process of synthesis.
69. Which dye is only allowed in the skin of food? Citrus red.
70. Where was citrus red widely used? Green oranges.
71. What has been found in juices and why? Benzene was found due to a reaction between Sodium
Benzoate and Ascorbic acid.
72. What association was made between synthetic food dyes and children? Increased hyperactivity in
children ingesting large amount of synthetic food dyes.
73. Which color in Canada must be named by name and why? Yellow 5(Tartrazine) because it has
been shown to cause allergic reactions.
74. Which color is banned in the US? Red #2(Amaranth).
75. When is a chemical classified as a Carcinogen? If it causes cancer in animals and causes greater
cancer rates in humans.
76. Under what condition would humans have to ingest red dye 2 in order to have an effect on cancer?
14,000 daily servings of fruit cocktails for 70 years.
77. How much carcinogens are in one cup of coffee? 10 mg
78. What was developed in California to prevent color absorption? The color dyes were attached to a
polymer that could not be absorbed by the body.
79. What is the yearly per capita hot dog consumption? 100 per person (20 Billion hot dogs)
80. Why are nitrites added? Preservatives used to prevent botulism. Taste and color are also factors.
81. What causes the bluish tint in meat? Myoglobyn.
82. What happens to myoglobyn in the present of oxygen? Oxymyoglobin is formed which are a red
color.
83. What happens to myoglobyn in the absence of oxygen? Deoxymyoglobyn is formed which has a
brownish tint.
84. What color is Nitrosomyoglobyn? Pinkish tint.
85. Where are we most exposed to nitrites? 90% are from natural sources.
86. Why is Vitamin C added to hot dogs? This is because it prevents the conversion of nitrites into
nitrosamines.
87. What is DMNA? Dimethylnitrosamine.
88. What are Bisulphite, BHT and BHA? Antioxidants.
89. What does oxygen do to food? Browning of fruits and vegetables as well as oxidation of
fats(rancidity).
90. What is Citric Acid? A chelating agent.
91. Name another chelating agent? EDTA.
92. What are sulfites good for? Create sulfur dioxide which prevents browning.
93. How many deaths were caused by sulfites? 20 deaths.
94. What other drink is sulfite found? In wine as an antimicrobial agent to prevent the wine from
turning.
95. What do BHA and BHT do? They trap free radicals and change them into more stable, less
reactive radicals.
96. What has been shown due to consumption of BHT in rats? Liver abnormalities were noticed but
longevity was increased by 20 years.
97. Why is Calcium Propionate added to bread? It is an anti fungal agent that prevents mold formation.
98. What compound in rye can cause hallucination? Ergot.
99. What causes the bubbles in cheese formation? The transfer from Lactic acid to Propionic acid
releases CO2 bubbles.
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What thickening agents are used in Ice Cream? Gum and cellulose derivatives.
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What is Carboxymethycellulose and why is it added? Saw dust and is used to absorb
moisture to prevent ice crystal formation on ice cream.
LECTURE 4: CANCER
1. What happened to the rate of cancer deaths in North America? It dropped for the first time in 70
years.
2. Name two reasons for the above trend. Smoking has been reduced and there are new better
diagnostics.
3. How many people die due to cancer every year? 500,000
4. Which cancer is increasing in women? Lung cancer.
5. What is the rate of lung cancer in men starting to do? Decrease.
6. What is happening to the rate of Colorectal Cancer? 1-2% per year reduction.
7. For people under the age of 65 the rates of cancer have decreased by? 10%
8. Which notable cancers are increasing? Lung Cancer in woman, Melanomas of the skin.
9. What is happening to cancer rates in people over the age of 65? Increasing by 17%.
10. How many people will die per day due to cancer? 1500 per day.
11. What are the four most prevalent forms of cancer? Lung, Breast, Prostate and Colon.
12. What are the biggest risk factors for cancer? Unbalanced diets and Tobacco.
13. Which risk factor has a rate that is rising dramatically? Obesity.
14. What did a study testing low fat diets and breast cancer show? It showed that a low fat dietary
pattern did not in fact reduce the rate of breast cancer in women.
15. What does mutagenic mean? Something that will cause an alteration of a gene.
16. What does teratogenic mean? Agent or substance that causes a malformation of an embryo or
fetus.
17. What does carcinogenic mean? An agent or substance that can cause cancer.
18. What happens most often in alterations? They are usually repaired.
19. What is angiogenesis? Malignant cells secrete chemicals promoting new blood vessels and thus
the tumor grows.
20. What is metastasis? Pieces of a tumor break off and spread the tumor through angiogenesis.
21. How many people in North American are living with cancer? 10 million.
22. Can coffee be linked to cancer? No, the study that showed this was poorly done.
23. How much carcinogenic material does coffee contain? 10 mg.
24. Name a few carcinogens in coffee? Benzene, Acrylamide, Formaldehyde, Furfural, Styrene and
Caffeic Acid.
25. What does HERP stand for? Human Equivalent Rat Potency which showed on a weight basis how
much a human should consumer in order to contract cancer that occurred in rodents.
26. What is Clofibrate? A chlolesterol lowering drug with the highest HERP index.
27. What are some variations in animal studies? Nature of the carcinogen, rat strain, diet, fibre
differences, food amount intake, design.
28. What did a study done on cancer in twins conclude to? Stomach cancer has a 30% heritable cause
and a ratio of 7/3 of environment to heritable causes showing a strong influence on the
environmental factor. The absolute risk was higher for identical twins(15%) versus fraternal
twins(6%). In conclusion, only 1% were unmistakably hereditary.
29. What percentage of cancers are caused by environmental factors? 70-90%.
30. What are some environmental causes? Viruses, Alcohol, Smoking, sun exposure, diets, radiation,
soil, carcinogen exposure.
31. Which case showed a clear associated with occupation and cancer? Chimney Sweeps.
32. Which cancer was at a very high rate in chimney sweeps? Testicular Cancer.
33. What are created after dehydration of cooked meat on a barbeque? Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons, which are known carcinogens.
34. Where are PAHs also found? Engine exhaust, tobacco smoke and some cooked meats.
35. Why are PAHs dangerous? They interact with DNA.
36. What is another end product of heat? Heterocyclic Amines(PhIP)
37. What is the process in which PhIP fit in DNA causing a disturbance? Intercalation
38. Which foods contain PhIPs in the greatest amount? Beef, Finfish and Chicken.
39. Why is it difficult to categorize one method of cooking as unhealthy? Because individuals
metabolize substances at differing rates depending on their chemical/genetic make up.
40. Which family of enzymes alters molecules in order to remove them from the body? Cytochrome
P450.
41. How does Cytochrome P450 work? It oxidizes the molecule to make it more water soluble and thus
easier to expel from the body.
42. What molecules does Cytochrome P450 specifically target? Heterocyclic amines and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons.
43. Which foods contribute most as precursors to PAHs? Cereals and Oils/Fats.
44. Why are these foods so high in their PAH contribution? They are eaten in very large consumption
compared to other foods.
45. Which substance has been found in starchy foods to cause cancer in rodents? Acrylamide.
46. What is acrylamide specifically when it comes to adverse effects? Neurotoxin.
47. How is acrylamide formed? Asparagine(amino acid) when attached and heated to glucose will give
acrylamide as a product.
48. What is the allowed amount of acrylamide in water? Half a part per billion.
49. Which foods are high in acrylamide levels? Cereals, Fries and Potato Chips.
50. What association has been made with occupational exposure to acrylamide? None!
51. What association was made with dietary acrylamide and cancer? Cancer of the large bowel, kidney
and colon showed no association.
52. What is one the most toxic materials known? TCDD Dioxin
53. Why is TCDD associated with cancer? It connects through cell membranes to a receptor and that
complex can slip into the DNA, disturbing its ability to duplicate itself appropriately.
54. What is the risk of dying for smokers? 1 in 2-3 people.
55. What is the risk of contracting cancer in a lifetime? 1 in 3.
56. What is the risk of dying in an airplane crash? 1 in 8,000,000
57. How much money is spent on nutrients and additives? 322 million.
58. Radicals with oxygen to form what? A peroxy radical.
59. Which year was the process of the formation of peroxy radicals brought to light? 1954.
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Which peroxides can be stabilized by enzymes? Organic Peroxides.
What does BHT stand for? Butylated Hydroxy Toluene.
Where is BHT found? Packaging of cereal.
What process occurs when BHT becomes a radical? Radical Shielding, a stabilization process.
What controls DNA division? Helicases.
Which insect feeds entirely on milkweed leaves? Monarch caterpillar/butterfly.
Which country has problems with melanoma rates? Australia
Which country has a high rate of stomach cancer? Japan
What factors are prone to causing stomach cancer?Low in animal fat, proteins from grains, high in
complex carbohydrates, low in salad and fruits, and high in salt.
When a comparison was made between Japan and Hawaiian diets, what was found? A dramatic
drop in Stomach Cancer rates and increased rates of breast cancer.
Which cancers are high in north America? Breast Cancer, Colon Cancer(intestinal cancer).
Which country has virtually zero colon cancer occurrence? Swaziland because of the large
consumption of high fiber Betel Nuts.
What cancer does the Swaziland population mostly suffer from? Liver cancer due to aflatoxins from
fungus.
Why are finnish bile acids lower? Increased fiber consumption reduces contact time in which fecal
mutagens may form. The association with fibre is not proven.
What are pouches in the colon called? Diverticulosis.
What was given to rats that showed slowing down in tumor growth? NSAIDS
What a factor of how much did not eating vegetables increase mortality rates? 2.5
What mutagens to mushrooms contain? Agaratine.
What does celery contain? Furocoumarins
What is present in Alfalfa Sprouts? Canavine.
What is found in Lupine? The teratogen Anagyrine.
What Vitamins are used as antioxidants? Vitamin E, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Beta Carotene.
Where must antioxidants be placed in order to be active? Lipid Bi-Layer.
What antioxidant found in meats may cause gout? Uric Acid.
What are the symptoms of gout? Uric acid crystallizing under the skin.
What is Quercetin? A phenolic compound found in cabbage.
What antioxidant is found in wine? Resveratrol.
What does resveratrol block? Endothelin 1 a peptide needed to develop coronary atherosclerosis.
Name two other compounds associated as antioxidants? Saponins and Bioflavonoids.
What cancer is dramatically more occurring in the USA than India? Prostate cancer.
What organic compound is found in turmeric? Curcumin.
What has curcumin been associated with? Blocks activity of hormones tied to colon cancer and
reduces the size of precancerous lesions.
What is a downside of curcumin? It inactivates P53’s tumor suppressor role in colon cancer cells.
Which bacteria may be responsible for Japan’s increased stomach cancer? H. pylori
What molecule is found in pepper? Piperine
95. How does it affect the metabolism of curcumin? Enhances bioavailability by 2000%.
96. What did a study show on lycopene and cancer? Tomato powder reduces the risk of death more
than lycopene on its own.
97. Which health food antioxidant is not useful when ingested? Superoxide Dismutase.
98. Which molecule helps control hydroperoxides? Glutathione Peroxidase.
99. What is glutathione peroxidase made from? Selenium.
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Why is selenium ingested? To form seleniomethionine.
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Which food groups are beneficial and detrimental? Cruciferous vegetables and fruits are
benefici.al, fats are detrimental.
LECTURE 1:
1. How heavy is the heaviest man in the world? 550 kg
2. What is his name? Manuel Uribe
3. What diet was Manuel Uribe on? The Zone diet.
4. What the average weight of men? 166 lbs- 191 lbs
5. What is the average weight of men? 140 -164 lbs
6. What has the Coca Cola company brought to the weight loss market? Enviga
7. What is the claim on Enviga? Consuming 15 Calories to burn 60-100 calories.
8. What compounds are present in tea? Catechins
9. What do catechins do in the body? Inhibit the enzyme O MethylTransferase.
10. What does the O MethylTransferase do? Degrades norepinephrine, which stimulates fat
oxidation.
11. What did the experiments in a respiratory chamber show? The experiment showed that energy
expenditure was increased by 100 calories but this also happened with caffeine alone.
12. What other company in Japan promotes green tea? Kao company
13. What did the Kao Company results show? They showed that 690mg of catechins reduces 1.1
kg over three months.
14. How much would Enviga cost per year? 1500$ per year.
15. What is obesity a risk factor for? Heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes and cancer.
16. What differing effects on appetite do fructose and glucose have? Glucose reduces the appetite
of people whereas fructose does not, making fructose a non-appetite curbing additive and is
more conducive to weight gain.
17. What is the majority of the sweeteners used today? High Fructose Corn Syrup.
18. The body content of what compound is associated with increased weight? Phthalates.
19. What is an independent risk factor for stroke? Abdominal obesity in men.
20. A BMI of 30 represents what? In between Overweight and Obese.
21. How does one calculate BMI? Weight in Kg/ Height in M^2
22. A BMI of what number should cause worry? Above 25.
23. What is a calorie? The amount of energy needed to raise a gram of water by 1 degree.
24. What is a food calorie? The amount of energy needed to raise a KILOGRAM of water by 1
degree.
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What do we measure calories in? Calorimeter.
How many calories in a cup of orange juice? 108 Calories
How many calories in a piece of fudge and a gram of dynamite? 155 Calories.
What is metabolism? The energy consumption by all biochemical processes in the body.
What is BMR? Basal Metabolic Rate, which is the metabolism when no action is occurring
physically.
Which activity has the high Cal/Minute rate? Swimming @ 26.7cal/minute.
How many calories are burned by walking? 2.8cal/minute
How many calories for bicycling? 3.2cal/minute
Dancing? 5.0 Cal/Minute
Running?21.7Cal/Minute
What is the number of calories in a slice of apple pie? 300 Calories.
What is the average BMR? 1400-1700 Calories per day
What is the average for men/women? 2000 calories/1500 calories.
How many calories are produces per person per day? 3900 Calories.
Which tribe in Arizona has virtually every member overweight? Pima tribe, which carry a
genetic trait that causes them to be grossly overweight.
What factor can predict obesity? Low BMR early in life.
What happens to BMR when weight is gained? BMR increases until it reaches the same level
as someone who is not obese.
What is setpoint? A point where the body is satisfied with its weight.
What happens when calories in the diet are reduced? BMR is reduced.
What increase BMR? Physical activity and increased exercise.
What % of people keep their weight loss off? 1 in 20. 5%
How much do North Americans spend on diet programs yearly? $50 Billion.
How many diets have come out since the 1920s? 23000 diets.
What is a ketonic diet? A diet low in carbohydrates that produces a lot of ketones.