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Mitosis and Cancer
In this section you will see how cells divide in two, in a process called mitosis. This process
replaces dead cells, and allows animals and plants to grow. It is happening in your body all the
time.
A)
Web site name: University Of Arizona Biology Project
Web URL: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells1.html
Read “The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial : DNA basics”
1)
What is “chromatin”? __________________________________________
2)
What does DNA stand for? ______________________________________
Click on “Next” at the bottom of the page
3)
What happens during the S stage of the cell cycle? ___________________
_____________________________________________________________
4)
What is p53? __________________________________________________
5)
What does a mutation (or change in) p53 lead to? ____________________
_____________________________________________________________
Click on “Next” at the bottom of the page
6)
Can chromosomes be seen clearly during Interphase? __________________
7)
In which stage (or phase) can chromosomes first be seen with the light microscope?
__________________________________________________
8)
In which phase do the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell?
_____________________________________________________
Although mitosis is often divided into stages, each stage gradually blends into the next, so that
mitosis is really a smooth, continuous process as you will see in the next section.
B)
Web site name:
McGraw Hill
URL: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html
Click on the play “>” button and watch the process of mitosis.
9) What happens during prophase?
_____________________________________________________________
10) How many chromosomes are shown in prophase? ____________________
11) How many chromosomes move to each end of the cell during anaphase?____________
12)
Watch the cell cytoplasm separate into two (cytokinesis) during telophase. Does it start to
separate from the middle of the cell (between the nuclei), or from the outside?
_______________________________
C)
Web site name: Study Biology
Web URL: https://study-biology.wikispaces.com/Mitosis
Read “Mitosis in a nutshell” and scroll down to see more detailed diagrams
13) During which stage of mitosis does the nucleolus disappear? _____________________
14) During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate (so that each chromosome
looks “V” shaped instead of “X” shaped)?
_________________
When cells divide rapidly, and the body cannot control mitosis, this causes cancer.
D)
Web site name: BBC News
Web URL: http://www.bbc.com/news/health-27674658
Read “Skin cancer trial results “exciting”.
15)
What is the name of these two experimental drugs?
_________________________________________________________________
16)
What do the drugs block? ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
17)
What is the medical name for “skin cancer that has spread to other organs”?
_______________________________________________
18)
What was the average survival, until recently, of patients with advanced melanoma?
_____________________
19)
How many patients took pembrolizumab? ___________________________
20)
Apart from melanoma what other type of cancer is in trials with this drug?
_________________________________________________________________
21)
What is the 2 year survival rate for patients taking nivolumab?
_____________ %
22)
What is meant by a “blinded” trial? ____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
23)
How long will it be before the Phase III trial results will be reported?
_______________________________________________
24)
What side effects do these drugs have? _________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
E)
Web site name: Florida State College at Jacksonville
Web site URL: http://web.fscj.edu/David.Byres/cancer1.html
25)
What is a carcinogen? ___________________________________________
26)
What are oncogenes?
_______________________________________________________________
27)
Is p53 (look back at questions 4 and 5 above) an oncogene or a suppressor gene?
____________________________________
31)
How can you tell that cancer has more to do with lifestyle than genetics?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
32)
List two “complete carcinogens” ______________ and ________________
33)
Why is non-melanoma skin cancer not usually recorded in cancer statistics?
_____________________________________________________________
34)
What are three sources of low level ionizing radiation? ________________
____________________________________________________________
35)
What percentage of cancer is caused by:
a) industrial chemicals ____ %
b) diet
____ %
36)
What is the greatest single cause of cancer worldwide? ________________
F)
Web site name: The Guardian newspaper
Web URL: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/15/cancer-extraordinaryresults-t-cell-therapy-research-clinical-trials
Read “Cancer researchers claim ‘extraordinary results’ using T-cell therapy”
37)
What percentage of participants with ALL saw symptoms vanish completely? ______ %
38)
What is the function of the “receptor” molecules? _____________________________
39)
Why is this “living drug” better than regular chemotherapy? _______________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
40)
What are some of the dangerous side-effects of T-cell therapy?
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
41)
How long can “memory” T-cells last in the body and “remember” a type of cancer?
_____________
G)
Web site name: American Cancer Society
Web URL: http://www.cancer.org/index
Click on “Learn about Cancer” then “Select a cancer type”. Select a type of cancer that you
would like to get more information on. Then click on “Go” and to get specific information on
this type of cancer. Summarize the information below:
42) What type of cancer did you research? __________________________________
43) What are the risk factors? _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
44) What are the symptoms? ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
45) What treatments are available? _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________