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Mitosis and Cancer In this section you will see how cells divide in two, in a process called mitosis. This process replaces dead cells, and allows animals and plants to grow. It is happening in your body all the time. A) Web site name: University Of Arizona Biology Project Web URL: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells1.html Read “The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial : DNA basics” 1) What is “chromatin”? __________________________________________ 2) What does DNA stand for? ______________________________________ Click on “Next” at the bottom of the page 3) What happens during the S stage of the cell cycle? ___________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4) What is p53? __________________________________________________ 5) What does a mutation (or change in) p53 lead to? ____________________ _____________________________________________________________ Click on “Next” at the bottom of the page 6) Can chromosomes be seen clearly during Interphase? __________________ 7) In which stage (or phase) can chromosomes first be seen with the light microscope? __________________________________________________ 8) In which phase do the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell? _____________________________________________________ Although mitosis is often divided into stages, each stage gradually blends into the next, so that mitosis is really a smooth, continuous process as you will see in the next section. B) Web site name: McGraw Hill URL: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html Click on the play “>” button and watch the process of mitosis. 9) What happens during prophase? _____________________________________________________________ 10) How many chromosomes are shown in prophase? ____________________ 11) How many chromosomes move to each end of the cell during anaphase?____________ 12) Watch the cell cytoplasm separate into two (cytokinesis) during telophase. Does it start to separate from the middle of the cell (between the nuclei), or from the outside? _______________________________ C) Web site name: Study Biology Web URL: https://study-biology.wikispaces.com/Mitosis Read “Mitosis in a nutshell” and scroll down to see more detailed diagrams 13) During which stage of mitosis does the nucleolus disappear? _____________________ 14) During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate (so that each chromosome looks “V” shaped instead of “X” shaped)? _________________ When cells divide rapidly, and the body cannot control mitosis, this causes cancer. D) Web site name: BBC News Web URL: http://www.bbc.com/news/health-27674658 Read “Skin cancer trial results “exciting”. 15) What is the name of these two experimental drugs? _________________________________________________________________ 16) What do the drugs block? ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 17) What is the medical name for “skin cancer that has spread to other organs”? _______________________________________________ 18) What was the average survival, until recently, of patients with advanced melanoma? _____________________ 19) How many patients took pembrolizumab? ___________________________ 20) Apart from melanoma what other type of cancer is in trials with this drug? _________________________________________________________________ 21) What is the 2 year survival rate for patients taking nivolumab? _____________ % 22) What is meant by a “blinded” trial? ____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 23) How long will it be before the Phase III trial results will be reported? _______________________________________________ 24) What side effects do these drugs have? _________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ E) Web site name: Florida State College at Jacksonville Web site URL: http://web.fscj.edu/David.Byres/cancer1.html 25) What is a carcinogen? ___________________________________________ 26) What are oncogenes? _______________________________________________________________ 27) Is p53 (look back at questions 4 and 5 above) an oncogene or a suppressor gene? ____________________________________ 31) How can you tell that cancer has more to do with lifestyle than genetics? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 32) List two “complete carcinogens” ______________ and ________________ 33) Why is non-melanoma skin cancer not usually recorded in cancer statistics? _____________________________________________________________ 34) What are three sources of low level ionizing radiation? ________________ ____________________________________________________________ 35) What percentage of cancer is caused by: a) industrial chemicals ____ % b) diet ____ % 36) What is the greatest single cause of cancer worldwide? ________________ F) Web site name: The Guardian newspaper Web URL: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/15/cancer-extraordinaryresults-t-cell-therapy-research-clinical-trials Read “Cancer researchers claim ‘extraordinary results’ using T-cell therapy” 37) What percentage of participants with ALL saw symptoms vanish completely? ______ % 38) What is the function of the “receptor” molecules? _____________________________ 39) Why is this “living drug” better than regular chemotherapy? _______________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 40) What are some of the dangerous side-effects of T-cell therapy? _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 41) How long can “memory” T-cells last in the body and “remember” a type of cancer? _____________ G) Web site name: American Cancer Society Web URL: http://www.cancer.org/index Click on “Learn about Cancer” then “Select a cancer type”. Select a type of cancer that you would like to get more information on. Then click on “Go” and to get specific information on this type of cancer. Summarize the information below: 42) What type of cancer did you research? __________________________________ 43) What are the risk factors? _____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 44) What are the symptoms? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 45) What treatments are available? _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________