* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Unit 1: Beginnings to 1861
Survey
Document related concepts
Jamestown supply missions wikipedia , lookup
Colonial period of South Carolina wikipedia , lookup
Province of New York wikipedia , lookup
Massachusetts Bay Colony wikipedia , lookup
Dominion of New England wikipedia , lookup
Province of Massachusetts Bay wikipedia , lookup
Shipbuilding in the American colonies wikipedia , lookup
Colonial American military history wikipedia , lookup
Slavery in the colonial United States wikipedia , lookup
English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
UNIT 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1861 Chapter 1: Origins of a New Society, to 1754 Section 1: The Atlantic World I. Setting the Scene - The Native American World descendants of the first people to live in the Americas a migration, or movement of people for the purpose of settling in a new place Bering Strait (land bridge) Indiands and northeast Asians share a common and distinctive pattern in the arrangement of the teeth DNA – close genetic relationship o Native Peoples Across North America The North - Inuit and Aleut peoples, lived in the far north; hunting on ice and snow Koyukon and Ingalik, were nomads – they moved their homes regularly in search of food The Northwest Coast – rich ocean fishing grounds nearby California The Plateau The Great Basin The Southwest – Hope and the Zuni developed farming methods to suit their dry environment, Apache were nomadic The Plains – traveled great distances on foot, hunting vast herds of buffalo that fulfilled many of their needs, from food to clothing to shelter The Northeast – gathered wild plants and grew corn and other crops; hunted game such as deer, bear, and moose The Southeast – the Natchez, who settled the lower Mississippi River; several thousands inhabitants; built magnificent temples on raised mounds of Earth o Shared Customs and Beliefs much in common organized by kinship, or family relationships relied on their kin clan is made up of groups of families who share a common ancestor similar regions beliefs powerful forces in the world are spiritual, and they followed traditional religious practices, or rituals relied on oral history, or passing traditions from generation to generation by word of mouth o Trading Patterns trading routes crisscrossed North America barter – or trade o Attitudes Toward the Land - never traded land land could not be owned had a right to use land or to allow others to use it land deserved respect The European Land o Middle Ages - or medieval period o The Early Middle Ages Franks, Vikings, Muslims – invading other lands to protect themselves from these threats, Europeans created a political and economic system known as feudalism the manor system produced everything a feudal society needed to survive o The Power of the Church governed the spiritual life and daily activities of medieval Christians, both rich and poor head of the Church = pope clergy = Church officials Muslims seized Jerusalem the Church organized a series of military campaigns to retake the city holy wars – called the Crusades o Signs of Change new farming methods increased food supplies which in turn led to population growth middle class of merchants, traders, and artisans who made and sold goods to the manors monarchs, or those who rule over territories or states 1066 – Norman Conquest by William the Conqueror King John forced by nobles to sign a document granting them various legal rights Magna Carta or “Great Charter” (1215), shaped British government, but also became the foundation for future American ideals of liberty and justice o The Renaissance Begins French word meaning “rebirth” time of enormous creativity and change quest for knowledge in every field of study, including art, literature, science, and philosophy used reason and experimentation to explore the physical world and the individual’s place in it Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci (Ninja Turtles) o The Renaissance Spreads North William Shakespeare invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg printed Bibles in mass amounts led to a Reformation or protest of Church authority (Martin Luther) o The Rise of Nations instruments developed by Renaissance scientists, long-range sea travel now possible compass - used to find direction (needle always points North) astrolabe – turns to represent the skyline on the local horizon quadrant – measures the angle of elevation of an object in the sky Prince Henry of Portugal school for mariners developed the caravel, a ship that could sail against the wind as well as with it mariners discovered first sea routes to Asia Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon uniting two powerful Spanish kingdoms wanted to surpass Portugal in the race to explore new sea routes, and to bring Christianity to new land Section 1: The Atlantic World III. The West African World contact resumed during the Renaissance traded salt for gold desire to get around the middlemen in Africa and go straight to the source of gold Portugal had already established trade ties A. West African Geography and Cultures a. adapted their culture to their geographic surroundings b. organized according to kinship groups (same as Americas) c. lineage – all residents of a town belonged to the same kinship group d. worshipped a supreme being, as well as lesser gods and goddesses or spirits B. Kingdoms and Trade a. Benin – palm oil, ivory, and beautiful woods; sculpted heads b. Songhai empire – capital Timbuktu a center of learning C. Slavery in Africa a. labor was often valued more than land b. those enslaved in Africa were those who had been cut off from their lineage c. became adopted members of the kinship group that enslaved them d. Europeans began demanding more and more slaves IV. The Birth of the Atlantic World Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand authorized Christopher Columbus to make contact with the people of “the lands of India” A. The Voyages of Columbus a. enrich his family and gain honor and fame b. convert peoples to Christianity c. economic motives – bypass Muslims and trade directly for eastern spices and herbs d. gain an advantage in the rivalry with Portugal e. Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria f. Native Americans he called Indians, believing he had reached the Indies B. The Impact of Columbus’s Voyages a. Amerigo Vespucci – suggested that it might be a continent previously unknown, a “New World” i. “America” after Vespucci b. Columbian Exchange – new era of transatlantic trade i. Potato ii. disease (smallpox, typhus, measles, and other diseases) c. Treaty of Tordesillas – pope drew an imaginary line dividing the world (Line of Demarcation), Spain had everything West, Portugal East (Brazil) C. Slave Labor in the Americas a. plantations – large farms b. need for labor transformed c. 9-11 million people enslaved Section 2: European Colonization of the Americas Setting the Scene a. Menendez de Aviles (Spanish) – established St. Augustine in Florida b. French – Fort Caroline c. heretic – someone who holds religious beliefs opposed to those of the established church or religion d. St. Augustine – oldest continuously settled city in the United States e. 1st – competition among European powers was sometimes violent f. 2nd – motivated not only for wealth, but also for religion I. Building a Spanish Empire spread the Christian religion, gain wealth, and win fame o “God, gold, and glory.” A. Spain’s Major Explorers a. Juan Ponce de Leon – “fountain of youth”, Florida b. Vasco Nunez de Balboa – Pacific Ocean c. Ferdinand Magellan – circumnavigated – or sailed around the world d. Hernan Cortes – conquered the Aztecs e. Francisco Pizarro – conquered the Incas i. conquistadors – Spanish conqueror of the Americas B. A Spanish Empire a. colonies – areas settled by immigrants that are still controlled by the parent country b. Native Americans – forced to become part of the colonial economy c. encomienda system – forced to work for the profit of Spaniards d. mestizos – mixed blood II. The Spanish Push North A. Forts for Defense a. bases – to encourage settlement in neglected areas B. Missionaries a. missionary – people who are sent out by their church to teach people their religion b. mission – headquarters where they lived and worked C. Resistance to the Spanish a. Pueblo Revolt of 1680 – led by Pope, rose up and drove the Spanish out of Santa Fe III. English Colonization A. English Explorers a. John Cabot – first Englishman to cross Atlantic b. Sir Martin Frobisher – searching for Northwest Passage i. Northwest Passage – trade route to Asia that would go past or through the continent of North America c. privateers (“sea dogs”) – privately owned ship, or the captain, hired by a government to attack foreign ships B. The Roanoke Disaster a. desire for American colonies i. base in the Americas ii. Northwest Passage iii. new markets iv. send those who could not find work or homes in England b. Sir Walter Raleigh – Roanoke Island i. Croatoan – early form of the name of a nearby Native American tribe on a doorpost C. The Jamestown Settlement a. charter – certificate of permission, from the king b. joint-stock company – company funded and run by a group of investors who share the company’s profits and losses c. Jamestown – for King James I i. not used to doing own work ii. swamp with disease-bearing mosquitoes iii. John Smith – quote d. legislature – lawmaking assembly made up of representatives from the colony i. House of Burgesses (Virginia) – first example of limited self-government in the English colonies D. Growing Tobacco a. saved the Virginia colonists from failing completely E. Labor for Plantations a. each “head” or person had a right to fifty acres of land b. indentured servant – could not pay for voyage; had to work for a master for about seven years to pay the cost of voyage F. Pushing West a. Bacon’s Rebellion – frontier settlers were unhappy with a government that was not concerned with their interests IV. The French in North America A. French Explorers a. Jacques Cartier – declared New France b. Samuel de Champlain – first successful French colony, Quebec in Canada B. The Fur Trade a. fur – could be sold for great gain in Europe b. water – vital for transporting goods V. English Colonies in New England A. Plymouth Colony a. Puritans – wanted a “purer kind of Church” b. Separatists – started their own churches c. Mayflower Compact – agreement made on ship to obey all of their government’s laws and keep the group together i. they expected to decide how they would be governed d. William Bradford – helped create a form of government in which the people guided their own affairs i. concept of self-government would become one of the founding principles of the United States e. Squanto – taught how to plant corn; held a great feast of thanksgiving B. The Massachusetts Bay Colony a. Great Migration – flood of colonists to the Americas b. religious tolerance – idea that people of different religions should live in peace together i. not practiced by Puritans C. Other New England Colonies a. Thomas Hooker – Connecticut b. Roger Williams – Rhode Island – religious tolerance to all settlers D. War With the Indians a. King Philip’s War (Metacom) – attempt to drive out the English VI. The Middle Colonies A. New York a. Dutch colony of New Netherland i. capital – New Amsterdam b. Charles II – proclaimed the entire region belonged to his brother the duke of York i. became New York B. The Other Middle Colonies a. proprietary colony – colony granted by a king or queen to an individual or group who could makes laws and rule as they wished b. Delaware – began as a Swedish colony c. Pennsylvania – founded by William Penn as a “Holy Experiment” with Quakers i. all people should be treated as equals VII. The Southern Colonies A. Maryland a. haven for Roman Catholics b. Maryland Toleration Act – protect Catholics from persecution in the colony i. did not provide protection for non-Christians B. The Carolinas a. group of English noblemen b. split into North and South C. Georgia a. trustees – someone entrusted to manage a business (James Oglethorpe) b. haven for people who had been jailed in England because they could not pay their debts Section 3: Growth of the American Colonies Setting the Scene a. England’s American colonies grew in wealth, power, and self-confidence VIII. England’s Colonial Policies o colonies supplied England with food and raw materials, and bought English goods C. Mercantilism a. mercantilism – country should try to get and keep as much buillon, or gold and silver, as possible; wealthier and more powerful it would be b. balance of trade – difference in value between imports and exports, should show more more exports than imports i. imports = coming in ii. exports = going out c. should now allow the colonies to sell to other countries, or engage in manufacturing; and should use English ships for transporting raw materials i. want maximum profit for England D. Controlling Colonial Trade a. Navigation Act – tightened control; sell certain goods only to England (sugar, tobacco, cotton); use English ships and pay a tax (or duty) when selling to other countries b. Dominion of New England – abolished colonial legislature; replaced them with a governor and a council appointed by the king (act by James II) c. blows to freedom from English influence and control over local religious matters i. (changed with Glorious Revolution – William and Mary of Orange) IX. Origins of Self-Government royal, proprietary, and charter colonies common system of government o governor appointed by the king o colonial legislature o defense and taxation setting salaries only male landowners could vote strong local governments England’s policy of “neglect” – leaving the colonies alone allowed the colonies to prosper X. Diverse Colonial Economies Atlantic Ocean - vital to travel G. The Southern Colonies a. economy based on staple crops – crops that are in constant demand i. tobacco and rice H. The Middle Colonies a. farming and commerce b. wheat, barley, rye c. diverse population (English, Dutch, French, Scots, Irish, Scotch-Irish, Germans, Swedes, Portuguese Jews, Welsh, Africans, Native Americans) I. The New England Colonies a. self-sufficient farms and towns b. rum and firearms c. triangular trade – trade between three points in the Atlantic World – the Americas, Europe, and Africa XI. Life in Colonial America ate better, lived longer, had more children, opportunities to advance apprentices – persons placed under a legal contract to work for another person in exchange for learning a trade Benjamin Franklin – Poor Richard’s Almanac o almanac – book containing information like calendars, weather predictions, proverbs, and advice women – cooking, gardening, washing, cleaning, weaving cloth, sewing young girls not allowed to go to school XII. African Americans in the Colonies E. One Person’s Story a. Middle Passage – leg of the triangular trade between the Americas, Europe, and Africa; also used to refer to the forced transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas F. Slavery in the Colonies a. South Carolina and Georgia i. high temperatures and dangerous diseases ii. indigo – need for many slaves b. Virginia and Maryland i. minority of slaves and greater integration with colonists c. Southern Colonies – 400,000 slaves d. New England and Middle Colonies – 50,000 slaves combined i. smaller farms did not require as many slaves ii. worked in cities iii. contributed to the growth of the Atlantic economy G. Slave Laws and Revolts a. laws restricting the movement of slaves made organizing revolts difficult b. Stono Rebellion – burned an armory and began marching to a runaway slave colony in Spanish Florida (caught and killed) c. indirect resistance - pretended to misunderstand orders and faked illness H. Free Blacks a. free African Americans did much the same work, but had poorer living conditions and more severe discrimination b. could not vote, testify in court against whites, or marry whites XIII. Emerging Tensions in the Colonies C. Western Expansion a. immigrants – people who enter a new country to settle b. began moving into the interior of North America D. Tensions with the French and Native Americans a. Indians – moving west too b. forced the local Indians to relocate into lands already occupied by other Native American groups c. Ohio River Valley – area worth fighting for E. Religious Tensions a. no single group of Protestants was more powerful than any other b. Great Awakening – series of revivals designed to renew religious enthusiasm and commitment i. efforts to energize followers F. Effects of the Great Awakening a. revive people’s religious convictions b. speak for themselves and rely less on traditional authority c. preached that anyone could have a personal relationship with Jesus d. indirectly attacking the idea that some people are better than others