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I. Earth Science Semester 2 EOC Review Sheet Earth Matter: Atoms, Minerals and Rocks 1. Matter is something that takes up and has . 2. An element is a pure substance with a unique arrangement of positively charged , negatively charged and neutral neutrons. When charged, an atom has an unequal number of and , making it an . 3. DEFINE: COMPOUND: ION: ISOTOPE: Fill in the blanks on the table below: Number Formula Name of substance 1 H2O Water 2 C12H22O11 Sugar 3 CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate 4 Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Kaolinite Number of elements 4. Minerals are identified by using their streak, , and density (D=M/V). 5. What does it mean if a mineral has a metallic luster? Number of total atoms in each compound , which include color, , hardness, 6. List in order the 10 minerals within Moh’s scale of hardness. 7. Describe the process of using the moh’s kit to determine the hardness of a mineral. 8. Sketch a mineral with cleavage and one with irregular fracture. 9. The organization of atoms within a mineral determines its affects the breakage of that mineral. 10. Minerals are made of 11. Why is coal not a mineral? 12. What are the 3 rock types? 13. On the rock cycle diagram: Label the 3 major rock types along with magma and sediment in the blank spaces with the numbers, and the processes that allow rock types to change in the blank spaces with letters. and rocks are made of two or more structure, which in turn . 14. What are the two types of origins of igneous rocks? 15. How does the origin of an igneous rock affect the texture? Give an example of texture for each origin. II. Earth History and Natural Resources 1. What is the geologic time scale and what divides units of time within it? 2. What is the difference between relative time and absolute time? 3. Draw a simple x-section on a separate piece of paper that includes 5 rock layers in Superposition with two crosscutting relationships (1 fault, 1 intrusion), and an erosion surface. List the geologic sequence of events from oldest to youngest for your x-section. 4. Index fossils are useful to geologists to determine distribution and a geologic lifespan. time. They have a geographic 5. What rock type are fossils found in? Why? 6. How do fossils and rocks help geologists to determine past climates? 7. What processes does a plant go through to convert CO2 into free oxygen within the atmosphere? 8. Earth’s atmosphere at one time had a high quantity of CO2 but that volume decreased as the amount of plant-like bacteria grew. Why? 9. How can half lives of a radioactive element in a rock determine the age of an igneous rock? 10. Which box below represents radioactive decay of Potassium (white box) to Argon (shaded box) after 2 half lives? Label the half-life for each of the other boxes. A B C 11. Explain the difference between a renewable and non-renewable resource. 12. List 4 types of renewable resources. D III. Surface Processes: Weathering & Erosion 1. In the water cycle, heat is absorbed by ocean water and . As that water rises through the atmosphere and it cools clouds form as vapor. As clouds become saturated and can no longer hold moisture falls to earth’s surface, where it is either runoff or into the soil, which replenishes freshwater reserves. 2. Does the amount of water on earth change as it passes through the water cycle? Explain. 3. What processes does a plant go through to release water into earth systems? 4. Sketch a river meander and illustrate a point on both sides of the river channel where erosion and deposition occur. Also include on the sketch a cutoff and an oxbow lake. 5. A gradient river is one that has a steep gradient with many falls and rapids. As a river matures the , and the discharge . Mature rivers begin to develop , which can later form lakes after a cutoff develops. An older river has less merging streams, or . When a river finally dumps into a larger body of water, the sediment settles out a forms a large triangular . 6. List in decreasing order stream sediment size and describe which one travels furthest in a stream. 7. What is the storage of groundwater called? 8. If rivers develop V-shaped valleys, what shape do glaciers develop? 9. Explain each of the 3 types of mechanical weathering. 1. Ice wedging: 2. Abrasion: 3. Plant Growth: 10. If there were two beakers of water, with temperatures of 10˚C and 50˚C, respectively, what beaker would dissolve an alka-seltzer tablet at a faster rate? Why? 11. What is chemical weathering? 12. How does temperature affect the rate of chemical weathering? 13. Explain why the rate of chemical weathering differs between a tropical rainforest and a cold desert. IV. Astronomy Earth Motions: Rotation, Revolution, and the Moon 1. Describe how day and night provides evidence for earth’s rotation. 2. What interval of time is determined by earth’s rotation? 3. What interval of time is determined by earth’s revolution? 4. How long would the year be if the earth was evolving at twice its current velocity? 5. Earth experiences because as it tilted axis of degrees the amount of direct differs throughout the year. 6. What causes the phases of the moon (see diagram)? on a 7. Why does the moon have more gravitational pull on the earth than the sun? 8. What affect does the moon’s gravity have on earth’s oceans? The Solar System and the Universe 1. What shape do planets in our solar system have while orbiting the sun? 2. What bodies of mass are contained within a solar system? 3. What happens to the period of revolution for a planet as the distance from the sun increases? 4. What is the difference between geocentric and heliocentric solar systems? 5. What variable determines the lifecycle of a star? 6. What three things can an astronomer determine from the spectra of a star? 7. How is a star classified? There are 3 components used. 8. From the diagram below determine the temperature and luminosity of stars A, B, and C A B C 9. What theory explains the outward expansion of the universe? 10. What does it mean if a red shift is observed from the light of a star? 11. What is a galaxy? 12. Sketch a model of the universe that includes the Milky Way, the solar system, and the sun using the following symbols as a key. Universe = Milky Way = Solar System = Sun =