Download review 2nd sem EOC- WIG

I.
Earth Science
Semester 2 EOC Review Sheet
Earth Matter: Atoms, Minerals and Rocks
1. Matter is something that takes up
and has
.
2. An element is a pure substance with a unique arrangement of positively charged
,
negatively charged
and neutral neutrons. When charged, an atom has an unequal
number of
and
, making it an
.
3. DEFINE:
COMPOUND:
ION:
ISOTOPE:
Fill in the blanks on the table below:
Number
Formula
Name of substance
1
H2O
Water
2
C12H22O11
Sugar
3
CaCO3
Calcium Carbonate
4
Al2Si2O5(OH)4
Kaolinite
Number of
elements
4. Minerals are identified by using their
streak,
, and density (D=M/V).
5. What does it mean if a mineral has a metallic luster?
Number of total atoms in
each compound
, which include color,
, hardness,
6. List in order the 10 minerals within Moh’s scale of hardness.
7. Describe the process of using the moh’s kit to determine the hardness of a mineral.
8. Sketch a mineral with cleavage and one with irregular fracture.
9. The organization of atoms within a mineral determines its
affects the breakage of that mineral.
10. Minerals are made of
11. Why is coal not a mineral?
12. What are the 3 rock types?
13. On the rock cycle diagram:
Label the 3 major rock types along
with magma and sediment in the
blank spaces with the numbers, and
the processes that allow rock types
to change in the blank spaces with
letters.
and rocks are made of two or more
structure, which in turn
.
14. What are the two types of origins of igneous rocks?
15. How does the origin of an igneous rock affect the texture? Give an example of texture for each origin.
II.
Earth History and Natural Resources
1. What is the geologic time scale and what divides units of time within it?
2. What is the difference between relative time and absolute time?
3. Draw a simple x-section on a separate piece of paper that includes 5 rock layers in Superposition with
two crosscutting relationships (1 fault, 1 intrusion), and an erosion surface. List the geologic sequence of
events from oldest to youngest for your x-section.
4. Index fossils are useful to geologists to determine
distribution and a
geologic lifespan.
time. They have a
geographic
5. What rock type are fossils found in? Why?
6. How do fossils and rocks help geologists to determine past climates?
7. What processes does a plant go through to convert CO2 into free oxygen within the atmosphere?
8. Earth’s atmosphere at one time had a high quantity of CO2 but that volume decreased as the amount of
plant-like bacteria grew. Why?
9. How can half lives of a radioactive element in a rock determine the age of an igneous rock?
10. Which box below represents radioactive decay of Potassium (white box) to Argon (shaded box) after 2
half lives? Label the half-life for each of the other boxes.
A
B
C
11. Explain the difference between a renewable and non-renewable resource.
12. List 4 types of renewable resources.
D
III.
Surface Processes: Weathering & Erosion
1. In the water cycle, heat is absorbed by ocean water and
. As that water rises
through the atmosphere and it cools clouds form as
vapor. As clouds become
saturated and can no longer hold moisture
falls to earth’s surface, where it is either
runoff or
into the soil, which replenishes freshwater reserves.
2. Does the amount of water on earth change as it passes through the water cycle? Explain.
3. What processes does a plant go through to release water into earth systems?
4. Sketch a river meander and illustrate a point on both sides of the river channel where erosion and
deposition occur. Also include on the sketch a cutoff and an oxbow lake.
5. A
gradient
river is one that has a steep gradient with many falls and rapids. As a river matures the
, and the discharge
. Mature rivers begin to develop
, which can later form lakes after a cutoff develops. An older river has less merging
streams, or
. When a river finally dumps into a larger body of water, the sediment
settles out a forms a large triangular
.
6. List in decreasing order stream sediment size and describe which one travels furthest in a stream.
7. What is the storage of groundwater called?
8. If rivers develop V-shaped valleys, what shape do glaciers develop?
9. Explain each of the 3 types of mechanical weathering.
1. Ice wedging:
2. Abrasion:
3. Plant Growth:
10. If there were two beakers of water, with temperatures of 10˚C and 50˚C, respectively, what beaker would
dissolve an alka-seltzer tablet at a faster rate? Why?
11. What is chemical weathering?
12. How does temperature affect the rate of chemical weathering?
13. Explain why the rate of chemical weathering differs between a tropical rainforest and a cold desert.
IV.
Astronomy
Earth Motions: Rotation, Revolution, and the Moon
1. Describe how day and night provides evidence for earth’s rotation.
2. What interval of time is determined by earth’s rotation?
3. What interval of time is determined by earth’s revolution?
4. How long would the year be if the earth was evolving at twice its current velocity?
5. Earth experiences
because as it
tilted axis of
degrees the amount of direct
differs throughout the year.
6. What causes the phases of the moon (see diagram)?
on a
7. Why does the moon have more gravitational pull on the earth than the sun?
8. What affect does the moon’s gravity have on earth’s oceans?
The Solar System and the Universe
1. What shape do planets in our solar system have while orbiting the sun?
2. What bodies of mass are contained within a solar system?
3. What happens to the period of revolution for a planet as the distance from the sun increases?
4. What is the difference between geocentric and heliocentric solar systems?
5. What variable determines the lifecycle of a star?
6. What three things can an astronomer determine from the spectra of a star?
7. How is a star classified? There are 3 components used.
8. From the diagram below determine the temperature and luminosity of stars A, B, and C
A
B
C
9. What theory explains the outward expansion of the universe?
10. What does it mean if a red shift is observed from the light of a star?
11. What is a galaxy?
12. Sketch a model of the universe that includes the Milky Way, the solar system, and the sun using
the following symbols as a key.
Universe =
Milky Way =
Solar System =
Sun =