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Final Exam Review: 9th Grade Earth Science
Congratulations! You’ve made it through the school year and are now ready for “Finals Week.”
The key to a successful end to this semester lies in preparation. Making sure you are mentally
prepared to take final exams will help ensure that you do well. Review your course work, study
your review sheet. If possible study with a friend (after you have studied on your own, that is).
Take advantage of the classroom time allowed for studying and using the in-class resources.
Below are a few points to remember:
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You need to review all PowerPoints that have been posted on my Yola site. I will see that
they are still on my site.
Study from your review. Commit items to memory, understand major concepts.
Review the content expectations for the units. This is what you are tested on!
Your test will be all multiple choice, approximately 100 questions. You will be better able
to complete this test in the time allotted if you know the material.
Don’t leave any questions blank, answer all the questions even if you have to guess.
Read the “stem” of the question and try to answer it first without looking at the choices.
Read each choice carefully and try to eliminate options in the question that you know are
wrong. Narrow down your choices if you have to guess.
Most importantly, get a good night’s rest before each final. Relax and have confidence in
yourself! Make sure you eat the morning of each day of exams.
Do not cram at the last minute, start your study early and spend a few minutes a day on
each lesson.
The chapters listed are a guideline for the review questions. You will need to rely on your notes
for many of the answers!
This review is comprehensive and covers all of the material you have learned since January. Do
not expect this review to hit each question from the test. It is general in nature and
directed toward broad concepts and not toward specific questions. So if you are looking
for questions on the exam that are straight from the review guide, you won’t find them.
Also, there may be questions on the exam that do not appear on the review. However,
these questions are fair game because they were covered in a lecture, worksheet,
PowerPoint, notes etc. that you have had access to during the course of the semester.
Chapter 8
1. Define lithosphere
2. Define asthenosphere
3. Describe the inner core
4. Describe the outer core
5. Draw a cross section of the earth and label all parts
6. Describe the earth’s magnetic field
7. How is the earth’s magnetic field generated?
8. Compare the properties (age and density) of continental crust and oceanic crust.
9. What type of rock makes up continental crust?
10. What type of rock makes up oceanic crust?
11. List three uncertainties of earth’s interior
12. How do seismic waves help us determine the make-up of earth’s interior?
13. Explain the uncertainties associated with earth’s magnetic field
14. Define seismic energy
15. Compare the speed at which the three seismic waves travel.
16. Describe P-waves – include what they travel through
17. Describe S-waves – include what they travel through
18. Describe L-waves – include what they travel through
19. Describe the location (depth), frequency and magnitude of earthquakes at the following boundaries:
Transform
Use
your
notes!
Oceanic – Oceanic Divergent
Continent –Oceanic Convergent
Continent – Continent Convergent
20. Describe why many earthquakes do not occur below 650 km.
21. What causes an earthquake?
22. Describe the elastic rebound hypothesis
23. What is the most active earthquake region?
24. Describe the differences between the Mercalli Scale and the Richtor Scale for measuring earthquakes.
25. What is a tsunami and how is it formed?
Chapter 9
26. Describe the process that creates the Mid Ocean Ridge.
27. Define subduction
24. Complete the following chart. Check features associated with each boundary.
Volcanic
Mntns.
NonVolcanic
Mntns.
Deep
E-Q
Shallow
E-Q
Rift
Zones
Convergent
(C-C)_
Convergent
(C-O)
Convergent
(O-O)
Divergent
Transform
25. Define ridge push – include the force that causes it
26. Define slab pull
26. Describe convection currents that drive plate tectonics
What causes these currents –
Subduction
Zones
Trenches
Volcanic
Island
Arcs
Location
Example
Where are they located –
27. Which plate boundary produces new ocean crust? _________________________
28. On average how fast do lithospheric plates move? _________________________
29. How does the age of the ocean floor change as it moves away from the ocean ridge?
30. What is the equation used to describe the movement of oceanic crust – include proper units
Chapter 10
31. How does a volcanic eruption affect each of the earth’s systems?
Hydrosphere
Geosphere
Notes
Atmosphere
Lithosphere
32. How would a major meteorite impact affect earth’s climate?
33. Describe how a hot spot can create a volcano?
35. What determines how explosive a volcanic explosion will be?
34. How is the content of magma classified?
35. How does a volcanic eruption affect the weather?
36. List three ways a volcano can damage human structures.
37. Define viscosity
38. What factor of magma is directly related to viscosity?
39. Define and describe a shield volcano
40. Describe and define a cinder cone volcano
41. Define and describe a composite volcano
Chapter 24
42. Define granules
43. Using figure 24-1 in your book, draw the sun and label the structures
44. Define solar wind
45. Describe the three major effects of solar winds on human beings?
46. How long is a sunspot cycle?
47. How do solar flares affect the amount of radiation received at earth’s surface?
48. List four effects that high solar activity can have on earth.
49. List the reactants and products on nuclear fusion – Include what happens to the extra matter
50. What is the source of the sun’s energy
51. Where does nuclear fusion take place in the sun?
Chapter 25
52. Define Nebular Theory
53. Define Nebula
54. What is our galaxy called? ___________________________
55. Where is our sun/solar system located in the Milky Way?
56. Explain Hubble’s Law
57. Define Doppler Shift – include both red shift and blue shift
58. What does the red shift tell us about the universe?
59. What doe the Doppler effect tell us about individual stars?
60. The age of our universe is _____________________________.
61. Describe, in detail, the Big Bang Theory
62. List two important pieces of evidence that support the Big Bang theory and an expanding universe.
63. How is the age of the universe estimated?
64. What two things the cosmic background radiation tell us about the universe?
65. List the colors in order from shortest to longest wavelength
66. How were the elements created in the universe? What process was responsible?
67. In the core of extremely hot red giants, what elements are being fused?
68. Explain what happens to a dieing star.
69. Define light year
70. Define absolute magnitude
71. Define apparent magnitude
72. Differences in brightness in two stars with the same temperature is due to ____________________.
73. How old is the sun? __________________ How much longer can the sun exist? _________________
74. Describe what the H-R diagram shows – be able to interpret the information on the H-R Diagram
75. Define main-sequence star. What percentage of stars fall into this category?
76. What forces in a main-sequence star are in balance?
77. Describe the steps that a massive star takes – explain the lifecycle of a massive star
78. Describe the steps that an average star (like our sun) takes – explain the lifecycle of an average star
79. Describe the steps that a low-mass star takes – explain the lifecycle of a low-mass star
Chapter 15
80. What two factors determine the salinity of ocean water – describe how they relate to high and low salinity
81. Define thermocline
82. Describe the bottom of the ocean floor
83. What force/energy is key in the development of surface currents? ____________________________
84. Describe the thermocline in polar regions
85. How do warm ocean currents affect coastal cities?
86. What is the salinity of seawater? _____________ What units is used to express salinity? ___________
87. Define density
Chapter 16
88. What role does wind play in surface ocean currents?
89. Describe, in terms of temperature, a current that is moving from the poles towards the equator
90. According to the conveyer belt model, what happens to water that reaches the poles (use density and
salinity in your answer)
91. How do cold ocean currents affect the climate of coastal cities?
92. Define upwelling
93. What country does the Gulf Stream effect?
94. Describe, in terms of temperature, a current that is moving from the equator to the polar regions.
95. Is the California current a cold current or warm current? ________________
96. Currents in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected which way? _______________________________
97. Describe the Coriolis effect
Chapter 19
98. What type of weather do Peru and Ecuador experience during an El Nino event?
99. How often do El Nino events occur?
Chapter 17
100. Explain the movement of heat from one object to another. How does heat travel?
101. Describe the following methods of heat transfer – Give examples of each
Convection
Conduction
Radiation
102. Which method of heat transfer is most common in the atmosphere? ____________________________
103. Explain how the tilt of the earth influences the change of seasons.
104. List the gasses present in the atmosphere – which one is most important to weather? _______________
105. Describe the relationship between pressure and temperature in a gas (remember the fizz keeper lab)
Chapter 20
106. Explain why tornadoes occur in the spring in the Northern Hemisphere – include temperature and moisture
107. What type of air mass is associated with lake effect snow? _________________
108. Why do hurricanes occur in the summer and fall months?
109. What causes isolated thunderstorms?
110. What causes thunderstorms in general?
111. Explain how tornadoes are formed
112. Explain what is meant by a mid-latitude cyclone
113. Explain how a hurricane is formed. At what speeds must the wind be for a storm to be considered a
hurricane? ____________________
114. Define air mass
Chapter 18 (continued on last page)
115. Define orographic lifting
116. What three things must be present in the atmosphere for condensation to occur?
117. Define localized convective lifting
118. Define dry adiabatic rate
119. Define wet adiabatic rate
120. Define adiabatic temperature changes