Download Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics, Oh my Study guide

Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics, Oh my Study guide!!!
Short Answer
1.
In areas where unconsolidated sediments are saturated with water,
earthquakes can turn stable soil into a fluid through a process called ____.
2.
A tsunami can occur when there is vertical movement at a fault under
3.
Earth’s core is made of an alloy of ____.
4.
Large particles of hardened lava ejected from a volcano are called ____.
____.
5.
Structures that form from the cooling and hardening of magma beneath
Earth’s surface are ____.
6.
What is true about all plutons?
7.
What commonly horizontal intrusive igneous body is formed when
magma is injected parallel to sedimentary bedding planes?
8.
Which type of landform develops at plate boundaries where one oceanic
plate descends beneath another?
9.
A material that undergoes tensional stress tends to ____.
10.
What type of mountains are most common at divergent plate boundaries?
11.
In mountainous regions, the continental crust is ____.
12.
A fault is ____.
13.
An earthquake’s epicenter is ____.
14.
When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its
source, which is called the ____.
15.
Earthquakes are usually associated with ____.
16.
During an earthquake, the ground surface ____.
17.
The adjustments of materials that follow a major earthquake often
generate smaller earthquakes called ____.
18.
Major earthquakes are sometimes preceded by smaller earthquakes called
19.
The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 occurred along what fault?
20.
Which seismic waves travel most rapidly?
21.
Overall, which seismic waves are the most destructive?
____.
22.
What is the minimum number of seismic stations that is needed to
determine the location of an earthquake’s epicenter?
23.
The distance between a seismic station and the earthquake epicenter is
determined from the ____.
24.
An earthquake’s magnitude is a measure of the ____.
25.
What instrument records earthquake waves?
26.
The amount of shaking produced by an earthquake at a given location is
called the ____.
27.
How much of an increase in wave amplitude is seen from an earthquake
measuring 5.4 on the Richter scale compared to one measuring 4.4?
28.
What type of structures would the damage from an earthquake measuring
6.8 be the greatest?
29.
What areas would most likely be the safest during a major earthquake?
30.
Tsunamis are ____.
31.
A building that settles unevenly after an earthquake is evidence of ____.
32.
Violent shaking from an earthquake can cause soil and rock on slopes to
fail and cause a ____.
____.
33.
Why do earthquakes often cause damaging fires?
34.
What layers of Earth make up the lithosphere?
35.
Earth’s thin, rocky outer layer is its ____.
36.
Most of the information about Earth’s interior was obtained by studying
37.
Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis stated that all the continents once
joined together to form ____.
38.
The supercontinent in the continental drift hypothesis was called ____.
39.
The geographic distribution of the swimming reptile Mesosaurus provides
evidence that ____.
40.
rejected?
What was the main reason Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis was
41.
In the plate tectonics theory, the lithosphere is divided into ____.
42.
The lithospheric plates move an average of ____.
43.
What kind of plate boundary occurs where two plates grind past each other
without destroying or producing lithosphere?
44.
A divergent boundary at two oceanic plates can result in a ____.
45.
What type of boundary occurs where two plates move together, causing
one plate to descend into the mantle beneath the other plate?
46.
New ocean crust is formed at ____.
47.
Which of the following results when divergence occurs between two
oceanic plates?
48.
49.
boundary?
What forms when one oceanic plate is forced beneath another plate?
The Himalayas in South Asia are an example of what type of plate
50.
Volcanic island arcs are associated with what type of plate boundary?
51.
Continental volcanic arcs are associated with what type of plate boundary?
52.
The Hawaiian Islands were formed when the Pacific Plate moved over
____.
53.
How does the age of seafloor sediments change with increasing distance
from the ocean ridge?
54.
The thermal convection that drives plate motion is caused by ____.
55.
As the temperature of lava increases, ____.
56.
The particles produced in volcanic eruptions are called ____.
57.
What is the most abundant gas associated with volcanic activity?
58.
What type of volcano is built almost entirely from ejected lava fragments?
59.
The broad, slightly dome-shaped volcanoes of Hawaii are ____.
60.
A volcano that is fairly symmetrical and has both layers of lava and
pyroclastic deposits is a ____.
61.
volcano?
The most violent volcanic eruptions are associated with what type of
62.
A caldera is a ____.
63.
Crater Lake in Oregon was produced when ____.
64.
The largest intrusive igneous body is called a ____.
65.
What intrusive feature forms when magma is injected into fractures
cutting into rock layers?
66.
Magma forms when solid rock in the crust and upper mantle ____.
67.
Magma tends to rise towards Earth’s surface primarily because ____.
68.
Most shield volcanoes have grown from the ocean floor to form ____.
69.
Most of the active volcanoes on Earth are located in a belt known as the
____.
70.
The igneous activity in Yellowstone National Park is associated with what
tectonic setting?
71.
All changes in the original shape and/or size of a rock body are called
72.
As heat and pressure increase, ductile deformation ____.
____.
73.
Deformation in which the object returns to its original shape and size after
the stress is removed is called ____.
74.
The type of deformation in which the object permanently changes size and
shape without fracturing is called
75.
Folding is usually the result of ____.
76.
Compressional stresses can result in the formation of ____.
77.
A fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall is a
____.
78.
Faults in which movement is mainly horizontal and parallel to the trend of
the fault surface are called ____.
79.
How are mountains classified?
80.
What happens in a typical fault-block mountain, ____.
81.
The major forces that form folded mountains are ____.
82.
If erosion stripped off the top of a dome, what would be found?
83.
What is the result ofa continental-continental convergent boundary, ____.
84.
What are the major types of mountain ranges that are formed at
convergent plate boundaries?
85.
What type of mountains are produced by ocean-ocean convergence?
86.
What type of stress is dominant at divergent plate boundaries?
Essay: Pick three of the following essays, discuss the topic throughly/
87.
Briefly describe the relative movements and dominant stresses involved in
the four major types of faults.
88.
List and describe the three main types of volcanoes.
89.
Explain the relationship between the formation of the Hawaiian Islands,
the ages of the islands, hot spots, and plate movement.
90.
Have scientists been successful in making long-range earthquake
predictions? Explain your answer.
91.
If you know the distance of an earthquake epicenter from three seismic
stations, how can you find the exact location of the epicenter of the earthquake?
92.
drift.
List four lines of evidence that supported the hypothesis of continental
93.
What are the primary factors that determine whether a volcano erupts
explosively or relatively quietly?
Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics, Oh my Study guide!!!
Answer Section
SHORT ANSWER
1.
liquefaction
2.
the ocean floor
3.
iron and nickel
4.
blocks
5.
plutons
6.
They form below Earth’s surface.
7.
sill
8.
volcanic island arc
9.
stretch
10.
fault-block mountains
11.
thicker than average
12.
a fracture in the Earth where movement has occurred
13.
the place on the surface directly above the focus
14.
focus
15.
faults
16.
can move in any direction
17.
aftershocks
18.
foreshocks
19.
the San Andreas fault
20.
P waves
21.
surface waves
22.
three
23.
arrival times of P and S waves
24.
size of seismic waves it produces
25.
seismograph
26.
intensity
27.
ten times
28.
area with older brick structures
29.
area with granite bedrock
30.
often generated by movements of the ocean floor
31.
liquefaction
32.
landslide
33.
Earthquake vibrations can break gas lines, water lines, and electrical lines.
34.
the crust and upper mantle
35.
crust
36.
earthquake waves
37.
one major supercontinent
38.
Pangaea
39.
South America and Africa were once joined
40.
He could not provide a mechanism for the movement of the continents.
41.
7 major plates and many smaller plates
42.
5 centimeters per year
43.
transform fault boundary
44.
rift valley
45.
convergent boundary
46.
divergent boundaries
47.
seafloor spreading
48.
a subduction zone
49.
convergent continental-continental boundary
50.
convergent oceanic-oceanic boundary
51.
convergent oceanic-continental boundary
52.
a hot spot
53.
Age increases.
54.
an unequal distribution of heat
55.
its viscosity decreases
56.
pyroclastic material
57.
water vapor
58.
cinder cone
59.
shield volcanoes
60.
composite cone volcano
61.
composite cones
62.
large depression in a volcano
63.
the summit of a volcano collapsed
64.
batholith
65.
dike
66.
melts
67.
rocks become less dense when they melt
68.
islands
69.
Ring of Fire
70.
intraplate setting
71.
deformation
72.
becomes more likely
73.
elastic deformation
74.
ductile deformation
75.
compressional stresses
76.
thrust faults
77.
normal fault
78.
strike-slip faults
79.
by the dominant processes that formed them
80.
large blocks of crust are uplifted along normal faults
81.
compressional stresses
82.
The oldest rocks are exposed in the center.
83.
folded mountains result
84.
folded and volcanic mountains
85.
mainly volcanic mountains
86.
tensional stress
ESSAY
87.
Normal faults are relatively high-angle faults in which the hanging wall
moves down relative to the footwall. Normal faults result from tensional stresses and
result in the stretching or extension of the crust. Reverse faults are relatively high-angle
faults in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. These faults are
caused by compressional stresses and result in the thickening and shortening of rocks or
the crust. Thrust faults are low-angle reverse faults with the hanging wall moving up
relative to the footwall. Because of their low angle, most of the movement in a thrust
fault is in a horizontal direction. Thrust faults are caused by compressional stresses and
result in thickening and shortening of the crust. In strike-slip faults, the movement is
mainly in a horizontal direction and parallel to the trend, or strike, of the fault. Strike-slip
faults are commonly caused by shear stresses.
88.
Shield volcanoes are the largest volcanoes and have gently sloping
outlines, with relatively quiet eruptions of basaltic lava. Cinder cones are steep-sided,
generally small, and are composed mainly of loose pyroclastic material. They commonly
occur along the sides of other volcanoes or in groups. Composite cones are the most
explosive volcanoes and are composed of alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastic
material. They are larger than cinder cones and have steeper sides than shield volcanoes.
89.
Hot spots are relatively stationary plumes of molten rock rising from
Earth’s mantle. According to the theory of plate tectonics, as a plate moves over a hot
spot, magma often penetrates the surface, generating volcanic activity. If the volcanic
activity continues, an island will form. In the case of the Hawaiian Islands, as the Pacific
plate moved over a hot spot, the volcanic activity formed a chain of volcanic islands. The
hot spot is currently beneath the island of Hawaii, which has active volcanoes. The
farther the islands are from the hot spot, the older the age of the islands. Kauai is the
oldest large island of the Hawaiian chain, and it is 3.8–5.6 million years old. The
volcanoes on Kauai are extinct.
90.
Scientists have not had much success with long-range earthquake
forecasting because they don’t yet understand enough about how and where earthquakes
occur.
91.
On a map, draw a circle around each seismic station, making sure that the
radius of each circle represents the distance of the epicenter from each station; the
epicenter is the point where the three circles intersect.
92.
Evidence that supported continental drift included the fit of the continents,
similar fossils on different continents, similar rock types on different continents,
matching mountain belts, and climate evidence.
93.
composition of the magma, magma temperature, and the amount of
dissolved gases in the magma