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Transcript
Name ___________________________ Inside Earth – CRT # 1 Review Chapter 1 Section 1 – Earth’s Interior The Science of Geology (page 17-18) Who are the scientists who study the forces that make and shape planet Earth? GEOLOGISTS Scientists study the earth directly by … drilling and looking at Rocks!!!! Studying Surface Changes/direct evidence Geologists divide the forces that change the surface into two groups: Constructive forces –BUILDING UP MOUNTAINS AND LAND Destructive forces – WEARS AWAY MOUNTAINS AND LAND Scientists study the earth indirectly by looking at SEISMIC WAVES ! Finding Indirect Evidence A Journey to the Center of the Earth (page 19) What happens to the temperature as you go toward the center of Earth? INCREASES, GETS HOTTER What happens to the pressure as you go toward the center of Earth? INCREASES Layers of the Earth (page 20-23) (Label the Diagram and give two facts about each layer.) A. The Crust OUTER LAYER A MADE OF BASALT (BLACK, OCEAN ROCK) & GRANITE (CONTINENTAL ROCK) B D B. The Lithosphere (part of the crust and mantle) C MEANS STONE TOP OF ASTHENOSPHERE E C. The Asthenosphere (part of the mantle) SOFT LAYER F CONVECTION CURRENTS FLOW D. The Mantle LAYER OF HOT ROCK LARGEST LAYER, HOT SPOTS FORM E. The Outer Core SURROUNDS INNER CORE MOLTEN METAL MATERIAL, CAUSES MAGNETIC FIELD LAYER ORDER FM SURFACE CRUST F. The Inner Core LITHOSPHERE SOLID METAL, MADE OF IRON, NICKEL ASTHENOSPHERE MANTLE OUTER CORE INNERCORE Earth’s Magnetic Field (page 24) How is Earth’s magnetic field created? CURRENTS IN THE OUTER CORE SPINS THE INNER CORE AT A DIFFERENT RATE THAN THE EARTH SPINS Chapter 1 Section 2 – Convection Currents and the Mantle (page 25-27) HEAT TRANSFER-ENERGY FROM WARMER TO COOLER OBJECTS Radiation – What is radiation? TRANSFER OF HEAT THROUGH EMPTY SPACE Draw a diagram to represent radiation. Conduction – What is conduction? TRANSFER OF HEAT BY DIRECT CONTACT OR TOUCH Draw a diagram to represent conduction. SPOON PAN Convection – What is convection? TRANSFER OF HEAT BY MOVEMENT OF HEATED FLUID Draw a diagram to represent convection. COOL FALLSDENSITY INCREASES Convection in Earth’s Mantle How do convection currents flow in Earth’s mantle? HOT MOLTEN MAGMA MATERIAL IS LESS DENSE AND RISES. MOVES AWAY FROM THE HEAT, IT COOLS BECOMING MORE DENSE, IT SINKS WARM RISESDENSITY DECREASES Chapter 1 Section 3 – Drifting Continents The Theory of Continental Drift (page 29-31) Who was the scientist that proposed the idea of Continental Drift? ALFRED WEGENER How was his theory stated? ALL OF THE CONTINENTS HAD ONCE BEEN JOINED TOGETHER AND HAVE SINCE DRIFTED APART He gave scientists three pieces of evidence. Describe them below. Evidence from Landforms – MOUNTAIN RANGES LINE UP IN SOUTH AMERICA AND AFRICA Evidence from Fossils – FOSSILS WERE FOUND IN THE SAME ROCK LAYER ON DIFFERENT CONTINENTS Evidence from Climate – TROPICAL PLANT FOSSILS FOUND IN ANTARCTICA Scientists Reject Wegener’s Theory (page 32) Why did other scientists reject Wegener’s theory? HE COULD NOT IDENTIFY THE FORCE THAT PUSHED OR PULLED THE CONTINENTS Chapter 1 Section 4 – Sea-Floor Spreading Mapping the Mid-Ocean Ridge (page 34) What instrument was used to discover and map the mid-ocean ridge? SONAR Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading (page 35-37) What was Harry Hess’s theory of sea-floor spreading? THE PROCESS THAT OCCURS AT THE MID-OCEAN RIDGE MAGMA ERUPTS PUSHING OLDER ROCK TO THE SIDES OF THE RIDGE AND ADDING NEW OCEAN FLOOR He gave three pieces of evidence for sea-floor spreading. Describe each. Evidence from Molten Material: FOUND MOLTEN MATERIAL RISING FROM THE MID-OCEAN RIDGE Evidence from Magnetic Stripes: FOUND MAGNETIC FIELD IN ROCKS FLIPPED AT DIFFERENT POINTS THROUGHOUT HISTORY, MAGNETIC FIELD REVERSALS (N-S) Evidence from Drilling Samples: FOUND ROCK CLOSER TO MID-OCEAN RIDGE MUCH YOUNGER THAN THE ROCK CLOSE TO THE DEEP OCEAN TRENCH Subduction at Deep-Ocean Trenches (page 38) What is subduction? PROCESS BY WHICH THE OCEAN FLOOR SINKS (SUBDUCTS) BACK INTO THE MANTLE Label the diagram with the following terms: deep ocean trench, magma, mantle, mid-ocean ridge, subduction zone, and volcanoes YOUNGEST VOLCANO ROCKS MID-OCEAN RIDGE DEEP OCEAN TRENCH V Chapter 1 Section 5 – The Theory of Plate Tectonics OLDEST ROCKS MANTLE MAGMA SUBDUCTION ZONE MORE DENSITY-PLATE SINKS A Theory of Plate Motion (page 43) What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics? EXPLAINS THE FORMATION , MOVEMENT, AND SUBDUCTION OF EARTH’S PLATES What is a fault? BREAKS IN EARTH’S CURST WHERE ROCKS HAVE SLIPPED PAST EACH OTHER, Draw arrows on the diagrams below to THEY HAPPEN ALONG show boundary movement. PLATE BOUNDARIES Transform Boundaries – TWO PLATES SLIP PAST EACH OTHER MOVE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS Divergent Boundaries – TWO PLATES MOVE APART, OR DIVERGE CREATES A RIFT VALLEY Convergent Boundaries – TWO PLATES COME TOGETHER, OR CONVERGE, COLLIDE ocean plate continental plate subducts mtns. form continental plate continental plate Why was the discovery of the Theory of Plate Tectonics so important? PLATE TECTONICS PROVED ALFRED WEGENER’S THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT WAS POSSIBLE Chapter 2 Section 1 – Earth’s Crust in Motion Stress in the Crust (page 54) What is an earthquake? THE SHAKING AND TREMBLING THAT RESULTS FROM THE MOVEMENT OF ROCK BENEATH EARTH’S SURFACE Types of Stress (page 55) Shearing – STRESS FORCE THAT PUSHES A MASS OF ROCK IN TWO OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS Tension – STRESS FORCE THAT PULLS ON THE CRUST, STRETCHING ROCK SO THAT IT BECOMES THINNER IN THE MIDDLE Compression – STRESS FORCE THAT SQUEEZES ROCK UNTIL IT FOLDS OR BREAKS Kinds of Faults (page 56-57) What is a fault? OCCURS ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES WHERE FORCES OF PLATE MOTION PUSH AND PULL THE CRUST SO MUCH THAT Draw arrows on the diagrams below THE CRUST BREAKS to show fault movement. Strike-Slip Faults – OCCURS AT TRANSFORM BOUNDARY WHEN SHEARING STRESS IS PLACED ON THE PLATES View from Above Normal Faults – OCCURS AT A DIVERGENT BOUNDARY WHEN A TENSION STRESS IS PLACE ON THE PLATES Hanging Wall Foot Wall Reverse Fault – OCCURS AT CONVERGENT BOUNDARY WHEN A COMPRESSION STRESS IS PLACED ON THE PLATES Hanging Wall Foot Wall Chapter 2 Section 2 – Measuring Earthquakes What is the difference between the focus and the epicenter? FOCUS- BENEATH EARTH’S SURFACE, EXACTLY WHERE THE EARTHQUAKE IS OCCURRING EPICENTER-ON THE SURFACE OF EARTH DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS Seismic Waves (page 64-66) Primary Waves (p waves) --1ST WAVES TO ARRIVE, GO THROUGH BOTH SOLID AND LIQUID SEISMIC WAVES COMPRESS AND EXPAND GROUND LIKE ACCORDIAN Secondary Waves (s waves) --AFTER P WAVES GO THROUGH SOLID BUT NOT LIQUID SEISMIC WAVES THAT VIBRATE FROM SIDE TO SIDE AS WELL AS UP AND DOWN Surface Waves --- AFTER P AND S WAVES MOVE SLOWLY ON THE SURFACE WILL PRODUCE SEVERE GROUND MOVEMENTS Detecting Seismic Waves (page 66) What instrument is used to detect earthquakes? SEISMOGRAPH-DETECTS SEISMIC WAVES SOUND WAVES WILL GO THROUGH ALL MATTER-SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES Chapter 3 Section 1 – Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics What is a Volcano? (page 88) What is the difference between magma and lava? MAGMA IS BELOW THE SURFACE OF EARTH LAVA IS MAGMA THAT ERUPTS OUT OF THE EARTH ONTO EARTH’S SURFACE Locations of Volcanoes (page 89) Where are most of the volcanoes located on Earth’s surface? RING OF FIRE- SURROUNDS PACIFIC OCEAN Volcanoes at Converging Boundaries (page 90) What is an island arc? 2 OCEAN PLATES COLLIDE AT PLATE BOUNDARIES CREATING VOLCANOES ONE OCEAN PLATE DIVES UNDER-SUBDUCTSAND VOLCANO FORMS AT DEEP OCEAN TRENCH, A STRING OF ISLANDS FORM FROM THE MAGMA SEEPING THROUGH CRACKS IN CRUST Hot Spots Volcanoes (page 91) What is a hot spot? AN AREA WHERE MATERIAL FROM DEEP WITHIN THE MANTLE RISES AND THEN MELTS, FORMING MAGMA A VOLCANO FORMS ABOVE A HOT SPOT WHEN MAGMA ERUPTS THROUGH THE CRUST AND REACHES THE SURFACE, LIKE A BLOW TORCH Name two famous hot spots on Earth. HAWAII YELLOWSTONE Chapter 3 Section 3 – Volcanic Landforms Landforms From Lava and Ash (page 103-105) Describe each feature created by lava and ash. Shield Volcanoes – A WIDE GENTLY SLOPING MOUNTAIN MADE OF LAYERS OF LAVA FORMED BY QUIET ERUPTIONS Cinder Cone Volcano – A STEEP, CONE-SHAPED HILL OR SMALL MOUNTAIN MADE OF VOLCANIC ASH, CINDERS, BOMBS PILED UP AROUND A VOLCANO’S OPENING Composite Volcano – A TALL, CONE-SHAPED MOUNTAIN IN WHICH LAYERS OF LAVA ALTERNATE WITH LAYERS OF ASH, AND OTHER VOLCANIC MATERIAL Lava Plateaus – INSTEAD OF FORMING MOUNTAINS, SOME ERUPTIONS OF LAVA FORM HIGH LEVEL AREAS CALLED LAVA PLATEAUS Calderas – LARGE HOLE AT THE TOP OF A VOLCANO FORMAED WHENTHE ROOF OF A VOLCANO’S MAGMA CHAMBER COLLAPSES Add this chart to your Review Packet: Relationship between STRESS, FAULTS, BOUNDARIES Type of STRESS FAULT BOUNDARY SHEARING STRIKE-SLIP TRANSFORM TENSION NORMAL DIVERGENT COMPRESSION REVERSE CONVERGENT