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Inside Earth – CRT # 1 Review
Chapter 1 Section 1 – Earth’s Interior
The Science of Geology (page 17-18)
Who are the scientists who study the forces that make and shape planet Earth?
GEOLOGISTS
Scientists study the earth directly by …
drilling and looking at Rocks!!!!
Studying Surface Changes/direct evidence
Geologists divide the forces that change the surface into two groups:
Constructive forces –BUILDING UP MOUNTAINS AND LAND
Destructive forces – WEARS AWAY MOUNTAINS AND LAND
Scientists study the earth indirectly by looking at SEISMIC WAVES ! Finding Indirect Evidence
A Journey to the Center of the Earth (page 19)
What happens to the temperature as you go toward the center of Earth?
INCREASES, GETS HOTTER
What happens to the pressure as you go toward the center of Earth?
INCREASES
Layers of the Earth (page 20-23) (Label the Diagram and give two facts about each layer.)
A. The Crust OUTER LAYER
A
MADE OF BASALT (BLACK, OCEAN ROCK)
& GRANITE (CONTINENTAL ROCK)
B
D
B. The Lithosphere (part of the crust and mantle)
C
MEANS STONE
TOP OF ASTHENOSPHERE
E
C. The Asthenosphere (part of the mantle)
SOFT LAYER
F
CONVECTION CURRENTS FLOW
D. The Mantle
LAYER OF HOT ROCK
LARGEST LAYER, HOT SPOTS FORM
E. The Outer Core
SURROUNDS INNER CORE
MOLTEN METAL MATERIAL, CAUSES MAGNETIC FIELD LAYER ORDER FM SURFACE
 CRUST
F. The Inner Core
 LITHOSPHERE
SOLID METAL, MADE OF IRON, NICKEL
 ASTHENOSPHERE



MANTLE
OUTER CORE
INNERCORE
Earth’s Magnetic Field (page 24)
How is Earth’s magnetic field created?
CURRENTS IN THE OUTER CORE SPINS THE
INNER CORE AT A DIFFERENT RATE THAN
THE EARTH SPINS
Chapter 1 Section 2 – Convection Currents and the Mantle (page 25-27)
HEAT TRANSFER-ENERGY FROM WARMER TO COOLER OBJECTS
Radiation –
What is radiation?
TRANSFER OF HEAT THROUGH
EMPTY SPACE
Draw a diagram to represent radiation.
Conduction –
What is conduction?
TRANSFER OF HEAT BY
DIRECT CONTACT
OR TOUCH
Draw a diagram to represent conduction.
SPOON
PAN
Convection –
What is convection?
TRANSFER OF HEAT
BY MOVEMENT OF
HEATED FLUID
Draw a diagram to represent convection.
COOL
FALLSDENSITY
INCREASES
Convection in Earth’s Mantle
How do convection currents flow in Earth’s mantle?
HOT MOLTEN MAGMA MATERIAL IS LESS DENSE AND RISES.
MOVES AWAY FROM THE HEAT,
IT COOLS BECOMING MORE DENSE, IT SINKS
WARM
RISESDENSITY
DECREASES
Chapter 1 Section 3 – Drifting Continents
The Theory of Continental Drift (page 29-31)
Who was the scientist that proposed the idea of Continental Drift?
ALFRED WEGENER
How was his theory stated?
ALL OF THE CONTINENTS HAD
ONCE BEEN JOINED TOGETHER
AND HAVE SINCE DRIFTED APART
He gave scientists three pieces of evidence. Describe them below.
Evidence from Landforms –
MOUNTAIN RANGES LINE UP IN
SOUTH AMERICA AND AFRICA
Evidence from Fossils –
FOSSILS WERE FOUND IN THE
SAME ROCK LAYER ON
DIFFERENT CONTINENTS
Evidence from Climate –
TROPICAL PLANT FOSSILS
FOUND IN ANTARCTICA
Scientists Reject Wegener’s Theory (page 32)
Why did other scientists reject Wegener’s theory?
HE COULD NOT IDENTIFY THE
FORCE THAT PUSHED OR
PULLED THE CONTINENTS
Chapter 1 Section 4 – Sea-Floor Spreading
Mapping the Mid-Ocean Ridge (page 34)
What instrument was used to discover and map the mid-ocean ridge?
SONAR
Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading (page 35-37)
What was Harry Hess’s theory of sea-floor spreading?
THE PROCESS THAT OCCURS AT THE
MID-OCEAN RIDGE
MAGMA ERUPTS PUSHING OLDER ROCK
TO THE SIDES OF THE RIDGE AND ADDING NEW OCEAN FLOOR
He gave three pieces of evidence for sea-floor spreading. Describe each.
Evidence from Molten Material:
FOUND MOLTEN MATERIAL RISING
FROM THE MID-OCEAN RIDGE
Evidence from Magnetic Stripes:
FOUND MAGNETIC FIELD IN
ROCKS FLIPPED AT DIFFERENT POINTS
THROUGHOUT HISTORY,
MAGNETIC FIELD REVERSALS (N-S)
Evidence from Drilling Samples:
FOUND ROCK CLOSER TO MID-OCEAN RIDGE
MUCH YOUNGER THAN THE ROCK
CLOSE TO THE DEEP OCEAN TRENCH
Subduction at Deep-Ocean Trenches (page 38)
What is subduction?
PROCESS BY WHICH THE OCEAN FLOOR SINKS (SUBDUCTS)
BACK INTO THE MANTLE
Label the diagram with the following terms: deep ocean trench, magma, mantle, mid-ocean ridge,
subduction zone, and volcanoes
YOUNGEST
VOLCANO
ROCKS MID-OCEAN RIDGE DEEP OCEAN TRENCH
V
Chapter 1 Section 5 – The Theory of Plate Tectonics
OLDEST ROCKS
MANTLE
MAGMA
SUBDUCTION ZONE
MORE DENSITY-PLATE SINKS
A Theory of Plate Motion (page 43)
What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
EXPLAINS THE FORMATION , MOVEMENT,
AND SUBDUCTION OF EARTH’S PLATES
What is a fault?
BREAKS IN EARTH’S CURST WHERE ROCKS HAVE
SLIPPED PAST EACH OTHER,
Draw arrows on the diagrams below to
THEY HAPPEN ALONG
show boundary movement.
PLATE BOUNDARIES
Transform Boundaries –
TWO PLATES SLIP PAST EACH OTHER
MOVE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
Divergent Boundaries –
TWO PLATES MOVE APART, OR DIVERGE
CREATES A RIFT VALLEY
Convergent Boundaries –
TWO PLATES COME TOGETHER, OR
CONVERGE, COLLIDE
ocean plate
continental plate
subducts
mtns. form
continental plate
continental plate
Why was the discovery of the Theory of Plate Tectonics so important?
PLATE TECTONICS PROVED ALFRED WEGENER’S
THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT WAS POSSIBLE
Chapter 2 Section 1 – Earth’s Crust in Motion
Stress in the Crust (page 54)
What is an earthquake?
THE SHAKING AND TREMBLING
THAT RESULTS FROM THE MOVEMENT
OF ROCK BENEATH EARTH’S SURFACE
Types of Stress (page 55)
Shearing –
STRESS FORCE THAT PUSHES A MASS OF
ROCK IN TWO OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
Tension –
STRESS FORCE THAT PULLS ON THE CRUST,
STRETCHING ROCK SO THAT IT BECOMES
THINNER IN THE MIDDLE
Compression –
STRESS FORCE THAT SQUEEZES ROCK
UNTIL IT FOLDS OR BREAKS
Kinds of Faults (page 56-57)
What is a fault?
OCCURS ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES
WHERE FORCES OF PLATE MOTION PUSH
AND PULL THE CRUST SO MUCH THAT
Draw arrows on the diagrams below
THE CRUST BREAKS
to show fault movement.
Strike-Slip Faults –
OCCURS AT TRANSFORM BOUNDARY
WHEN SHEARING STRESS IS PLACED
ON THE PLATES
View
from
Above
Normal Faults –
OCCURS AT A DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
WHEN A TENSION STRESS IS PLACE ON
THE PLATES
Hanging Wall
Foot Wall
Reverse Fault –
OCCURS AT CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
WHEN A COMPRESSION STRESS IS PLACED
ON THE PLATES
Hanging Wall
Foot Wall
Chapter 2 Section 2 – Measuring Earthquakes
What is the difference between the focus and the epicenter?
FOCUS- BENEATH EARTH’S SURFACE, EXACTLY WHERE THE EARTHQUAKE
IS OCCURRING
EPICENTER-ON THE SURFACE OF EARTH DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS
Seismic Waves (page 64-66)
Primary Waves (p waves) --1ST WAVES TO ARRIVE,
GO THROUGH BOTH SOLID AND LIQUID
SEISMIC WAVES COMPRESS AND EXPAND GROUND LIKE ACCORDIAN
Secondary Waves (s waves) --AFTER P WAVES
GO THROUGH SOLID BUT NOT LIQUID
SEISMIC WAVES THAT VIBRATE FROM SIDE TO SIDE AS WELL AS
UP AND DOWN
Surface Waves --- AFTER P AND S WAVES
MOVE SLOWLY ON THE SURFACE
WILL PRODUCE SEVERE GROUND MOVEMENTS
Detecting Seismic Waves (page 66)
What instrument is used to detect earthquakes?
SEISMOGRAPH-DETECTS SEISMIC WAVES
SOUND WAVES WILL GO THROUGH ALL MATTER-SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES
Chapter 3 Section 1 – Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
What is a Volcano? (page 88)
What is the difference between magma and lava?
MAGMA IS BELOW THE SURFACE OF EARTH
LAVA IS MAGMA THAT ERUPTS
OUT OF THE EARTH ONTO EARTH’S SURFACE
Locations of Volcanoes (page 89)
Where are most of the volcanoes located on Earth’s surface?
RING OF FIRE- SURROUNDS PACIFIC OCEAN
Volcanoes at Converging Boundaries (page 90)
What is an island arc?
2 OCEAN PLATES COLLIDE AT PLATE BOUNDARIES CREATING
VOLCANOES ONE OCEAN PLATE DIVES UNDER-SUBDUCTSAND VOLCANO FORMS AT DEEP OCEAN TRENCH, A STRING
OF ISLANDS FORM FROM THE MAGMA SEEPING THROUGH CRACKS IN CRUST
Hot Spots Volcanoes (page 91)
What is a hot spot?
AN AREA WHERE MATERIAL FROM DEEP
WITHIN THE MANTLE RISES AND THEN MELTS,
FORMING MAGMA
A VOLCANO FORMS ABOVE A HOT SPOT
WHEN MAGMA ERUPTS THROUGH THE CRUST
AND REACHES THE SURFACE, LIKE A BLOW TORCH
Name two famous hot spots on Earth.
HAWAII
YELLOWSTONE
Chapter 3 Section 3 – Volcanic Landforms
Landforms From Lava and Ash (page 103-105)
Describe each feature created by lava and ash.
Shield Volcanoes –
A WIDE GENTLY SLOPING MOUNTAIN
MADE OF LAYERS OF LAVA FORMED BY QUIET ERUPTIONS
Cinder Cone Volcano –
A STEEP, CONE-SHAPED HILL OR SMALL MOUNTAIN
MADE OF VOLCANIC ASH, CINDERS, BOMBS PILED UP
AROUND A VOLCANO’S OPENING
Composite Volcano –
A TALL, CONE-SHAPED MOUNTAIN IN WHICH LAYERS
OF LAVA ALTERNATE WITH LAYERS OF ASH,
AND OTHER VOLCANIC MATERIAL
Lava Plateaus –
INSTEAD OF FORMING MOUNTAINS,
SOME ERUPTIONS OF LAVA FORM HIGH LEVEL
AREAS CALLED LAVA PLATEAUS
Calderas –
LARGE HOLE AT THE TOP OF A VOLCANO
FORMAED WHENTHE ROOF OF A VOLCANO’S
MAGMA CHAMBER COLLAPSES
 Add this chart to your Review Packet:
Relationship between STRESS, FAULTS, BOUNDARIES
Type of
STRESS
FAULT
BOUNDARY
SHEARING
STRIKE-SLIP
TRANSFORM
TENSION
NORMAL
DIVERGENT
COMPRESSION
REVERSE
CONVERGENT